rusjelRussian Journal of Economics and LawRussian Journal of Economics and Law2782-2923"TCE "Taglimat"" Ltd.10.21202/1993-047X.11.2017.3.208-226ZFNFFBrusjel-2087Research ArticleПЕРЕВОДНЫЕ СТАТЬИTRANSLATED ARTICLESКАЛИБРОВКА ЮРИДИЧЕСКИХ СУЖДЕНИЙCALIBRATING LEGAL JUDGMENTSШауэрФ.SchauerF.schauer@virginia.eduСпелманБ. А.SpellmanB. A.spellman@law.virginia.eduВиргинский университетСоединённые Штаты АмерикиUniversity of VirginiaUnited States201730092017113208226Copyright © Шауэр Ф., Спелман Б.А., 20172017Шауэр Ф., Спелман Б.А.Schauer F., Spellman B.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2087

Цель: исследование понятия и сущности калибровки юридических суждений, возможности ее применения в правоприменительной деятельности, а также изучение затрат и выгоды от ее применения.Методы: диалектический подход к познанию социальных явлений, позволяющий проанализировать их в историческом развитии и функционировании в контексте совокупности объективных и субъективных факторов, который определил выбор следующих методов исследования: формально-юридического, сравнительно-правового, социологического, методов когнитивной психологии и философии.Результаты: в повседневной жизни люди, оценивающие суждения других, обычно учитывают также другие суждения этих людей, тем самым производя калибровку оцениваемых высказываний. В качестве примера можно привести веб-сайт TripAdvisor, представляющий рейтинг ресторанов и отелей. Этот сайт дает возможность калибровки по предыдущим рейтингам данного оценщика. Эта информация позволяет пользователю определить, исходит ли оценка от человека, который восторженно хвалит все понравившиеся ему места, или от того, кому сложно угодить. Существуют и менее систематизированные области, например, оценка рекомендательных писем или приложений к диплому с перечнем оценок, но в целом мы повсеместно сталкиваемся с оценкой суждений путем их калибровки относительно прошлых суждений. При этом, несмотря на повсеместность и полезность калибровки, правовая система ее отвергает. Апелляционные суды не признают в качестве стандарта пересмотра дела обращение к прошлым решениям конкретного судьи. Аналогичную позицию занимают судьи при пересмотре правовых или административных решений, мировые судьи при оценке обоснованности заявления об ордере на обыск, члены суда присяжных при оценке заявлений свидетеля. В большинстве правовых областей калибровка с помощью прошлых решений либо отсутствует, либо происходит скрыто, поскольку органы, принимающие решения, не признают использования этого метода.Научная новизна: в статье впервые обосновано, что органы правосудия не учитывают ранее вынесенные решения отдельных лиц и учреждений при оценке их текущих решений. Рассматривая одно лишь текущее решение и не пытаясь калибровать свое суждение на основании прошлых решений, кассационные суды и другие учреждения, пересматривающие решения, воплощают принцип партикуляризма (специализации), составляющий значительную часть американской юридической традиции.Практическая значимость: основные положения и выводы статьи могут быть использованы в научной и педагогической деятельности при рассмотрении вопросов о калибровке юридических суждений.

Objective: to study the notion and essence of legal judgments calibration, the possibilities of using it in the law-enforcement activity; to explore the expenses and advantages of using it.Methods: dialectic approach to the cognition of social phenomena, which enables to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the integrity of objective and subjective factors; it determined the choice of the following research methods: formal-legal, comparative legal, sociological, methods of cognitive psychology and philosophy.Results: In ordinary life, people who assess other people›s judgments typically take into account the other judgments of those they are assessing in order to calibrate the judgment presently being assessed. The restaurant and hotel rating website TripAdvisor is exemplary, because it facilitates calibration by providing access to a rater›s previous ratings. Such information allows a user to see whether a particular rating comes from a rater who is enthusiastic about every place she patronizes, or instead from someone who is incessantly hard to please. And even when less systematized, as in assessing a letter of recommendation or college transcript, calibration by recourse to the decisional history of those whose judgments are being assessed is ubiquitous. Yet despite the ubiquity and utility of such calibration, the legal system seems perversely to reject it. Appellate courts do not openly adjust their standard of review based on the previous judgments of the judge whose decision they are reviewing, nor do judges in reviewing legislative or administrative decisions, magistrates in evaluating search warrant representations, or jurors in assessing witness perception. In most legal domains, calibration by reference to the prior decisions of the reviewee is invisible, either because it does not exist or because reviewing bodies are unwilling to admit using what they in fact know and employ. Scientific novelty: for the first time, the work substantiates that law is reluctant to take account of the past decisions of the individuals and institutions they are reviewing. By looking only at the particular decision under review, and not calibrating the posture of review on the basis of a history of decisions, reviewing courts and other reviewing institutions embody the particularism that is a large part of the American legal tradition.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific and educational activity when viewing the issues of legal judgments calibration.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.