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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rusjel</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Russian Journal of Economics and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Economics and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-2923</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"TCE "Taglimat"" Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/1993-047X.11.2017.4.47-65</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">ZVYXSN</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rusjel-2091</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОНОМИКА И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ НАРОДНЫМ ХОЗЯЙСТВОМ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ECONOMICS AND NATIONAL ECONOMY MANAGEMENT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изменение посещаемости стадионов в европейских лигах в результате изменения количества клубов в городах: оценка методом двойной разности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Change in attendance of stadiums in European leagues resulting from change in the number of clubs in cities: estimation with double difference method</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреева</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreeva</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">ka.andreeva@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики», Аспирантская школа по экономике, Департамент прикладной экономики</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Post-graduate school for Economics, Department of Applied Economics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>47</fpage><lpage>65</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Андреева К.А., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Андреева К.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Andreeva K.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2091">https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2091</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель: оценка внешнего эффекта появления нового футбольного клуба в европейских городах.Методы: статистические методы, регрессионный анализ, метод двойной разности, методы обобщения и типологизации. Результаты: в статье исследуются проблемы обеспечения конкуренции на футбольном рынке в контексте посещаемости матчей клуба. Проанализированы научные исследования, освещающие вопросы применения экономической теории в решении проблем сферы спорта. Сделан вывод о том, что в странах с невысоким уровнем частного капитала в футболе требуется другой экономический подход, поскольку основная власть находится не у клубов, а у региональных правительств.В статье также введено понятие внешних эффектов для футбольного рынка. С целью оценки их влияния на конкуренцию в футболе проведен анализ всех футбольных европейских чемпионатов с начала 1990-х годов и по сегодняшнее время. На основе проведенного анализа сформулированы типы представительств городов в высших футбольных дивизионах: суперконкурентные лиги, лиги с центростремительной конкуренцией, лиги с распределенной конкуренцией, неконкурентные лиги.На основе оценки изменения конфигурации клубов в разных типах лиг был сформулирован ряд гипотез о влиянии изменения конфигурации клубов на посещаемость матчей. Оценка проведена методом двойной разности внешних эффектов от изменения конфигурации клубов в городах для Франции, Италии, Венгрии и Греции.Научная новизна: понятие внешнего эффекта в экономике футбола применено к оценке посещаемости стадионов (сформулирован и оценен внешний эффект от изменения количества клубов в городе), введена типология лиг по степени конкурентности на основе анализа данных за двадцатилетний период.Практическая значимость: основные результаты работы могут быть использованы при принятии решения о финансовой поддержке клубов из низших дивизионов для усиления конкуренции внутри региона за внимание болельщиков.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective: to assess the external effects of the emergence of a new football club in European cities.Methods: statistical methods, regression analysis, double difference method, generalization and typologization methods. Results: the article examines the problems of ensuring competition in the football market in the context of club matches attendance. The scientific researches are analyzed, which cover the issues of economic theories application to the problems in the sports sphere. It is concluded that a different economic approach is required in the countries with a low level of private capital in football, since the main power there belongs not to the clubs but to the regional governments.The article also introduces the concept of external effects for the football market. To assess their impact on competition in football, the analysis of all European football Championships since the early 1990s till today was carried out. Basis on the performed analysis, the types of the cities representatives in the highest football divisions are defined: super-competitive leagues, leagues with centripetal competition, leagues with distributed competition, and non-competitive leagues.Basing on the assessment of clubs configuration changes in different leagues, a number of hypotheses were formulated about the impact of configuration changes on the attendance of matches. The assessment is conducted by the method of double difference of the external effects of the clubs configuration changes in the cities of France, Italy, Hungary and Greece. Scientific novelty: the concept of external effect in the economics of football is applied to the assessment of attendance (the external effect of the change in the number of clubs in a city was formulated and evaluated), a typology of leagues according to the degree of competitiveness was introduced, based on the analysis of data for the period of twenty years. Practical significance: the basic results can be used for making decisions on the financial support for clubs from the lower divisions to enhance competition within the region for the attention of fans.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экономика и управление народным хозяйством</kwd><kwd>экстерналии</kwd><kwd>футбольные лиги</kwd><kwd>европейский футбол</kwd><kwd>конкурентные лиги</kwd><kwd>типы конкуренции</kwd><kwd>метод двойной разности</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vrooman J. Theory of the Beautiful Game: the Unification of European Football // Scottish Journal of Political Economy. 2007. № 54 (3). Pp. 314-354.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vrooman J. Theory of the Beautiful Game: the Unification of European Football // Scottish Journal of Political Economy. 2007. № 54 (3). 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