<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rusjel</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Russian Journal of Economics and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Economics and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-2923</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"TCE "Taglimat"" Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/1993-047X.12.2018.2.385-412</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">URZNKY</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rusjel-2164</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПЕРЕВОДНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TRANSLATED ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Аутопсия сотрудничества: алмазные дилеры и ограничения сделок, основанных на доверии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>An autopsy of cooperation: diamond dealers and the limits of trust-based exchange</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ричман</surname><given-names>Б. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Richman</surname><given-names>B. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">richman@law.duke.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университет Дьюка, США</institution><country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Duke University</institution><country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>385</fpage><lpage>412</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ричман Б.Д., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ричман Б.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Richman B.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2164">https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2164</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель: рассмотрение причин и условий, приведших к снижению доверия в сфере предпринимательской деятельности между представителями алмазной индустрии и отраслевой системой арбитража, а также выявление особенностей ограничения сделок, основанных на доверии.Методы: диалектический подход к познанию социальных явлений, позволяющий проанализировать их в историческом развитии и функционировании в контексте совокупности объективных и субъективных факторов, который определил выбор следующих методов исследования: формально-юридический, сравнительно-правовой, социологический. Результаты: в работе оцениваются недавние изменения в алмазной промышленности. Отмечается, что возрастающее недоверие между участниками подрывает основы бизнеса, в котором репутация всегда играла важную роль; теперь отсутствие сотрудничества становится все более распространенным явлением. Упадок сотрудничества подорвал доверие даже к отраслевой системе арбитража в лице Нью-Йоркского клуба алмазных дилеров. Также в работе определены некоторые экономические силы, уменьшающие экономическую выгоду от сотрудничества и, соответственно, увеличивающие экономическую привлекательность нечестного поведения: изменения в производстве алмазов привели к повышению оптовых цен, появление интернет-торговли привело к снижению розничных цен; таким образом, прибыли посредников сократились. Кроме того, появление алмазного бизнеса в Индии усилило конкуренцию среди посредников, еще более уменьшив их прибыли. Возникновению алмазного бизнеса в Индии способствовала доступность кредитования, поддержанного государством, в результате чего имело место чрезмерное распространение этого бизнеса и волна банкротств. Утрата доверия и возрастающая ненадежность сделок, основанных на репутации, ускорили реструктуризацию данной отрасли в направлении вертикальной интеграции компаний с целью отказаться от традиционных цепочек поставок через посредников. Эти изменения, как и продолжающаяся утрата доверия, свидетельствуют о значительных переменах в этой отрасли, исторически служившей образцом деловых отношений Научная новизна: в работе впервые обоснована необходимость переосмыслить доминирующую в настоящий момент концепцию кооперации и разрешения споров в алмазном бизнесе, а также полностью пересмотреть экономику алмазной отрасли. В связи с этим отмечено, что отношения на основе доверия и вертикальная интеграция - вещи, взаимно заменяющие друг друга, и что вертикальная интеграция выходит на первый план после разрушения доверия. Практическая значимость: основные положения и выводы статьи могут быть использованы в научной, педагогической и правоприменительной деятельности при рассмотрении вопросов, связанных с правовым регулированием алмазной индустрии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective: to consider the causes and conditions which have led to the breakdown of trust between diamond dealers and the industry arbitration system, to reveal the features of limitation of reputation-based exchange.Methods: dialectical approach to the cognition of social phenomena, enabling to analyze them in their historical development and functioning in the context of a set of objective and subjective factors, which determined the choice of the following research methods: formal-logical, comparative-legal, sociological.Results: the paper assesses recent changes in diamond industry. It is observed that growing distrust has eroded the industry’s foundations for reputation-based exchange, and the industry now exhibits growing uncooperative behavior. The breakdown of cooperation has even eroded trust in the industry’s system of private arbitration in the New York's DDC. The paper then identifies several economic forces that have reduced the economic gains from cooperation and, reciprocally, enhanced the economic attractiveness of untrustworthy behavior: changes in diamond production has increased wholesale prices, changes in Internet retail sales have decreased retail prices, and thus intermediary diamantaires suffer from reduced profits. Additionally, the emergence of Indian diamond business has intensified competition among diamond intermediaries, thus further reducing profit opportunities. Indian entry has been fueled, in part, by the availability of state-sponsored credit, and both overexpansion and incipient bankruptcies have resulted. The loss of trust and growing unreliability of reputation-based exchange has precipitated further industrial restructuring, with diamond firms integrating vertically to avoid the traditional supply chain from intermediaries. These changes, and the continued the attrition of trust, signal significant changes to the historic and iconic industry. Scientific novelty: for the first time, the paper substantiates the necessity to rethink what has become the prevailing under- standing of cooperation and dispute resolution in the diamond industry, and to reconceptualize the economics of the diamond chain. Consistent with transaction cost economics, the authors observed that trust-based relationships and vertical integration are substitutes for each other, and that vertical integration takes hold when trust breaks down.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law-enforcement activities in considering the issues related to legal regulation of diamond industry.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аутопсия</kwd><kwd>алмазные дилеры</kwd><kwd>алмазная промышленность</kwd><kwd>ограничения сделок</kwd><kwd>основанных на доверии</kwd><kwd>система арбитража</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bernstein L. Opting out of the legal system: Extralegal contractual relations in the diamond industry, The Journal of Legal Studies, 1992, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 115-157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bernstein L. Opting out of the legal system: Extralegal contractual relations in the diamond industry, The Journal of Legal Studies, 1992, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 115-157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Starr R. The Editorial Notebook; The Real Treasure of 47th Street, N.Y. Times, 26 March, 1984, available at: http://www. nytimes.com/1984/03/26/opinion/the-editorial-notebook-the-real-treasure-of-47th-street.html.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starr R. The Editorial Notebook; The Real Treasure of 47th Street, N.Y. Times, 26 March, 1984, available at: http://www. nytimes.com/1984/03/26/opinion/the-editorial-notebook-the-real-treasure-of-47th-street.html.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shor R. A Profile of Diamond People and Their History, Philadelphia, PA, International Diamond Publications, 1993.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shor R. A Profile of Diamond People and Their History, Philadelphia, PA, International Diamond Publications, 1993.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shield R. R. Diamond Stories: Enduring Change on 47th Street, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shield R. R. Diamond Stories: Enduring Change on 47th Street, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oltuski A. Precious Objects: A Story of Diamonds, Family, and a Way of Life, New York, Scribner, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oltuski A. Precious Objects: A Story of Diamonds, Family, and a Way of Life, New York, Scribner, 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kanfer S. The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds and the World, New York, 1993.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kanfer S. The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds and the World, New York, 1993.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roberts J. Glitter &amp; Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Cartel, New York, Disinformation Books, 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roberts J. Glitter &amp; Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Cartel, New York, Disinformation Books, 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Richman B. D. Firms, courts, and reputation mechanisms: towards a positive theory of private ordering, Colum. L. Rev., 2004, Vol. 104, pp. 2328-2368.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Richman B. D. Firms, courts, and reputation mechanisms: towards a positive theory of private ordering, Colum. L. Rev., 2004, Vol. 104, pp. 2328-2368.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Richman B. D. How Communities Create Economic Advantages: Jewish Diamond Merchants in New York, Law &amp; Soc. Inquiry, 2006, Vol. 31, pp. 383-420.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Richman B. D. How Communities Create Economic Advantages: Jewish Diamond Merchants in New York, Law &amp; Soc. Inquiry, 2006, Vol. 31, pp. 383-420.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rapaport M. GIA's Bribery Scandal, The Rapaport Group, 2005, available at: http://www.diamonds.net/News/NewsItem. aspx?ArticleID=13569.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rapaport M. GIA's Bribery Scandal, The Rapaport Group, 2005, available at: http://www.diamonds.net/News/NewsItem. aspx?ArticleID=13569.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rapaport M. Synthetics: The Sale of Synthetic Diamonds as Natural Is Challenging the Integrity of Our Diamond Industry - What Should We Do About It?, The Rapaport Group, 2013, available at: http://www.diamonds.net/Docs/Synthetics/Sinthetics.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rapaport M. Synthetics: The Sale of Synthetic Diamonds as Natural Is Challenging the Integrity of Our Diamond Industry - What Should We Do About It?, The Rapaport Group, 2013, available at: http://www.diamonds.net/Docs/Synthetics/Sinthetics.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sherman A. Synthetic Diamonds: Opportunity or Problem?, 2014, available at: http://www.diamonds.net/Docs/Synthetics/ Sinthetics.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sherman A. Synthetic Diamonds: Opportunity or Problem?, 2014, available at: http://www.diamonds.net/Docs/Synthetics/ Sinthetics.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whitehouse K. Diamond Store Owner Accused of Stealing Gems from Other Dealers, N.Y. Post, 5 April, 2017, available at: http://nypost.com/2017/04/05/diamond-store-owner-accused-of-stealing-gems-from-other-dealers/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whitehouse K. Diamond Store Owner Accused of Stealing Gems from Other Dealers, N.Y. Post, 5 April, 2017, available at: http://nypost.com/2017/04/05/diamond-store-owner-accused-of-stealing-gems-from-other-dealers/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Even-Zohar C. Arbitration Justice in Absentia, Diamond Intelligence Briefing, 14 April, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Even-Zohar C. Arbitration Justice in Absentia, Diamond Intelligence Briefing, 14 April, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Even-Zohar C. The Collapse of Trust-Based Commerce, Diamond Intelligence Briefing, 13 August, 2017, available at: http://www.diamondintelligence.com/magazine/magazine.aspx?id=14430.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Even-Zohar C. The Collapse of Trust-Based Commerce, Diamond Intelligence Briefing, 13 August, 2017, available at: http://www.diamondintelligence.com/magazine/magazine.aspx?id=14430.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Even-Zohar C. Bourse Leadership, Arbitrations, and Fraudulent GIA Certificates, Diamond Intelligence Briefing, 26 February, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Even-Zohar C. Bourse Leadership, Arbitrations, and Fraudulent GIA Certificates, Diamond Intelligence Briefing, 26 February, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Richman B. D. The Antitrust of Reputation Mechanisms: Institutional Economics and Concerted Refusals to Deal, Virginia Law Review, 2009, Vol. 95, pp. 325-387.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Richman B. D. The Antitrust of Reputation Mechanisms: Institutional Economics and Concerted Refusals to Deal, Virginia Law Review, 2009, Vol. 95, pp. 325-387.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Even-Zohar C. DDC New York: A Bourse in the Service of its President, Diamond Intelligence Briefing, 2011, available at: https://www.diamondintelligence.com/magazine/magazine.aspx?id=9862.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Even-Zohar C. DDC New York: A Bourse in the Service of its President, Diamond Intelligence Briefing, 2011, available at: https://www.diamondintelligence.com/magazine/magazine.aspx?id=9862.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Even-Zohar C. From Mine to Mistress, Rev. edition, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Even-Zohar C. From Mine to Mistress, Rev. edition, 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Milgrom P. R., North D. C., Weingast B. R. The role of institutions in the revival of trade: The law merchant, private judges, and the champagne fairs, Economics &amp; Politics, 1990, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Milgrom P. R., North D. C., Weingast B. R. The role of institutions in the revival of trade: The law merchant, private judges, and the champagne fairs, Economics &amp; Politics, 1990, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klein B., Leffler K. The Role of Market Forces in Assuring Contractual Performance, J. Pol. Econ., 1981, Vol. 89, pp. 615-641.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klein B., Leffler K. The Role of Market Forces in Assuring Contractual Performance, J. Pol. Econ., 1981, Vol. 89, pp. 615-641.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rasmusen E. A simple model of product quality with elastic demand, Economics Letters, 1989, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 281-283.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rasmusen E. A simple model of product quality with elastic demand, Economics Letters, 1989, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 281-283.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spar D., Burns J. Forever: DeBeers and US Antitrust Law, Harvard Business School Case, 2000, No. 9-700-082.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spar D., Burns J. Forever: DeBeers and US Antitrust Law, Harvard Business School Case, 2000, No. 9-700-082.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zimnisky P. De Beers Market Share to Rebound to 40% with Canada's Gahcho Kue Diamonds, 2014, available at: http:// www.paulzimnisky.com/de-beers-market-share-to-rebound-to-40-with-canada-s-gahcho-kue-diamonds.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zimnisky P. De Beers Market Share to Rebound to 40% with Canada's Gahcho Kue Diamonds, 2014, available at: http:// www.paulzimnisky.com/de-beers-market-share-to-rebound-to-40-with-canada-s-gahcho-kue-diamonds.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Richman B. D. Ethnic Networks, Extralegal Certainty, and Globalisation: Peering Into the Diamond Industry, Contractual Certainty in International Trade: Empirical Studies and Theoretical Debates on Institutional Support for Global Economic Exchanges, ed. V. Gessner, Portland, OR, Hart., 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Richman B. D. Ethnic Networks, Extralegal Certainty, and Globalisation: Peering Into the Diamond Industry, Contractual Certainty in International Trade: Empirical Studies and Theoretical Debates on Institutional Support for Global Economic Exchanges, ed. V. Gessner, Portland, OR, Hart., 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Even-Zohar C. A Splintering of the Pipeline: The Economic Threat of Synthetics on the Diamond Producers, Diamond Intelligence Briefing, 2015, available at: http://www.thediamondloupe.com/depth/2015-07-20/splintering-pipelineeconomic-threat- synthetics-diamond-producers.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Even-Zohar C. A Splintering of the Pipeline: The Economic Threat of Synthetics on the Diamond Producers, Diamond Intelligence Briefing, 2015, available at: http://www.thediamondloupe.com/depth/2015-07-20/splintering-pipelineeconomic-threat- synthetics-diamond-producers.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murphy V. Romance Killer, Forbes.com., 2004, available at: http://www.forbes.com/global/2004/1129/016.html.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murphy V. Romance Killer, Forbes.com., 2004, available at: http://www.forbes.com/global/2004/1129/016.html.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shnidman R. Online Jewelry’s Growth Restraint: US Jewelers Adapt to Online Challenges, The Rapaport Group, 2013, available at: http://www.diamonds.net/News/NewsItem.aspx.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shnidman R. Online Jewelry’s Growth Restraint: US Jewelers Adapt to Online Challenges, The Rapaport Group, 2013, available at: http://www.diamonds.net/News/NewsItem.aspx.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hofmeester K. Shifting trajectories of diamond processing: from India to Europe and back, from the fifteenth century to the twentieth, Journal of Global History, 2013, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 25-49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hofmeester K. Shifting trajectories of diamond processing: from India to Europe and back, from the fifteenth century to the twentieth, Journal of Global History, 2013, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 25-49.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Munshi K. Strength in numbers: Networks as a solution to occupational traps, The Review of Economic Studies, 2011, Vol. 78, No. 3, pp. 1069-1101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Munshi K. Strength in numbers: Networks as a solution to occupational traps, The Review of Economic Studies, 2011, Vol. 78, No. 3, pp. 1069-1101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khanna S. After Years, Kathiawaris Outshine Palanpuris in India Diamond Biz, DNA India, 2008, available at: http://www. dnaindia.com/india/report-after-years-kathiawaris-outshine-palanpuris-in-india-diamond-biz-1156574.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khanna S. After Years, Kathiawaris Outshine Palanpuris in India Diamond Biz, DNA India, 2008, available at: http://www. dnaindia.com/india/report-after-years-kathiawaris-outshine-palanpuris-in-india-diamond-biz-1156574.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah J. Palanpuris Have Rivals for Global Diamond Throne, DNA India, 2008, available at: http://www.dnaindia.com/india/ report-palanpuris-have-rivals-for-global-diamond-throne-1200102.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shah J. Palanpuris Have Rivals for Global Diamond Throne, DNA India, 2008, available at: http://www.dnaindia.com/india/ report-palanpuris-have-rivals-for-global-diamond-throne-1200102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Golan E. Financing in the Diamond Industry, Idex Magazine, 2013, available at: http://edahn.com/images/Financing_in_ the_Diamond_Industry-IDEX_Magazine_0ct_2013.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golan E. Financing in the Diamond Industry, Idex Magazine, 2013, available at: http://edahn.com/images/Financing_in_ the_Diamond_Industry-IDEX_Magazine_0ct_2013.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reserve Bank of India, Master Circular-Rupee/Foreign Currency Export Credit and Customer Service To Exporters, 2013, available at: https://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_ViewMasCirculardetails.aspx?Id=8132&amp;Mode=0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reserve Bank of India, Master Circular-Rupee/Foreign Currency Export Credit and Customer Service To Exporters, 2013, available at: https://rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_ViewMasCirculardetails.aspx?Id=8132&amp;Mode=0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ashreena T., Ananthalakshmi A. Fearing Defaults, Banks Rein in Credit to Jewellery Firms, Reuters, 2015, available at: http://in.reuters.com/article/india-jewellers-credit-idINKBN0KP0M020150116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ashreena T., Ananthalakshmi A. Fearing Defaults, Banks Rein in Credit to Jewellery Firms, Reuters, 2015, available at: http://in.reuters.com/article/india-jewellers-credit-idINKBN0KP0M020150116.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kothari S. Crunch Time for the Global Diamond Industry, GemKonnect, 2015, available at: https://gemkonnect.wordpress. com/2015/07/02/crunch-time-for-the-globaldiamond-industry.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kothari S. Crunch Time for the Global Diamond Industry, GemKonnect, 2015, available at: https://gemkonnect.wordpress. com/2015/07/02/crunch-time-for-the-globaldiamond-industry.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greif A. Institutions and the path to the modern economy: Lessons from medieval trade, Cambridge University Press, 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greif A. Institutions and the path to the modern economy: Lessons from medieval trade, Cambridge University Press, 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barzel Y. Some fallacies in the interpretation of information costs, The Journal of Law and Economics, 1977, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 291-307.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barzel Y. Some fallacies in the interpretation of information costs, The Journal of Law and Economics, 1977, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 291-307.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kenney R. W., Klein B. The economics of block booking, The Journal of Law and Economics, 1983, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 497-540.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kenney R. W., Klein B. The economics of block booking, The Journal of Law and Economics, 1983, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 497-540.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spar D. L. Markets: Continuity and change in the international diamond market, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2006, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 195-208.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spar D. L. Markets: Continuity and change in the international diamond market, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2006, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 195-208.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuryan V. De Beers Discount Deals Erode Diamond Prices, May Trigger Price War, GemKonnect, 2015, available at: https:// gemkonnect.wordpress.com/2015/10/27/de-beers-discount-deals-erode-diamond-prices-may-trigger-price-war/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuryan V. De Beers Discount Deals Erode Diamond Prices, May Trigger Price War, GemKonnect, 2015, available at: https:// gemkonnect.wordpress.com/2015/10/27/de-beers-discount-deals-erode-diamond-prices-may-trigger-price-war/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williamson O. E. Markets and Hierarchies, New York, Free Press, 1975.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williamson O. E. Markets and Hierarchies, New York, Free Press, 1975.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shelanski H. A., Klein P. G. Empirical research in transaction cost economics: a review and assessment, Journal of Law, Economics, &amp; Organization, 1995, Vol. 11, pp. 335-361.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shelanski H. A., Klein P. G. Empirical research in transaction cost economics: a review and assessment, Journal of Law, Economics, &amp; Organization, 1995, Vol. 11, pp. 335-361.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Macher J. T., Richman B. D. Transaction cost economics: An assessment of empirical research in the social sciences, Business and Politics, 2008, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1-63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Macher J. T., Richman B. D. Transaction cost economics: An assessment of empirical research in the social sciences, Business and Politics, 2008, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1-63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williamson O. E. Calculativeness, trust, and economic organization, The Journal of Law and Economics, 1993, Vol. 36, No. 1, part 2, pp. 453-486.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williamson O. E. Calculativeness, trust, and economic organization, The Journal of Law and Economics, 1993, Vol. 36, No. 1, part 2, pp. 453-486.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Granovetter M. Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness, American Journal of Sociology, 1985, Vol. 91, No. 3, pp. 481-510.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Granovetter M. Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness, American Journal of Sociology, 1985, Vol. 91, No. 3, pp. 481-510.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diamond Dealers Club New York. DDC Membership Application, Declaration, available at: http://www.nyddc.com/ membership.html.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diamond Dealers Club New York. DDC Membership Application, Declaration, available at: http://www.nyddc.com/ membership.html.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Richman: An Autopsy of Cooperation: Diamond Dealers and the Limits of Trust-Based Exchange, Journal of Legal Analysis, 2017, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 247-283.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Richman: An Autopsy of Cooperation: Diamond Dealers and the Limits of Trust-Based Exchange, Journal of Legal Analysis, 2017, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 247-283.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
