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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rusjel</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Russian Journal of Economics and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Economics and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-2923</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"TCE "Taglimat"" Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/2782-2923.2021.4.788-821</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">RUJIHC</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rusjel-2185</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПЕРЕВОДНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TRANSLATED ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Архитектура цифровой валюты, системно поддерживающая приватность и кастодиальное хранение</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A Digital Currency Architecture for Privacy and Owner-Custodianship</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гуделл</surname><given-names>Дж.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Goodel</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Джеффри Гуделл, Центр блокчейн-технологий</p><p>Лондон</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Geoffrey Goodell, Centre for Blockchain Technologies</p><p>London</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">g.goodell@ucl.ac.uk</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аль-Накиб</surname><given-names>Х. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Al-Nakib</surname><given-names>H. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хазем Денни Аль-Накиб, Центр блокчейн-технологий</p><p>Лондон</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Hazem Danny Al-Nakib, Centre for Blockchain Technologies</p><p>London</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">h.nakib@cs.ucl.ac.uk</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5460-5940</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Таска</surname><given-names>П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tasca</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Паоло Таска, основатель и исполнительный директор, Центр блокчейн-технологий</p><p>Лондон</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Paolo Tasca, Centre for Blockchain Technologies</p><p>London</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">p.tasca@ucl.ac.uk</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Университетский колледж Лондона<country>Великобритания</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">University College London<country>United Kingdom</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>788</fpage><lpage>821</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гуделл Д., Аль-Накиб Х.Д., Таска П., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гуделл Д., Аль-Накиб Х.Д., Таска П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Goodel G., Al-Nakib H.D., Tasca P.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2185">https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2185</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: представление нового подхода к совершению денежных транзакций с использованием цифровых валют.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: абстрактно-логический, аналитический.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: в последние годы во многих развитых странах электронные розничные платежи все больше вытесняют оплату наличными деньгами. Особенно это заметно в секторе электронной коммерции и при выполнении оплаты картой в торговой точке. В результате общество утрачивает возможность использования оплаты розничных покупок, а розничные покупатели лишаются значимых прав, связанных с использованием ими наличных денег. Для решения этой проблемы мы предлагаем новый подход к использованию цифровых валют, который позволит людям совершать транзакции в электронной форме, а также приватно, без обращения к банкам, как в сфере электронной коммерции, так и в торговых точках, где требуется безналичная оплата.</p><p>В статье показаны преимущества наличных расчетов относительно безналичных платежей, а также определены возможности трансформации этих преимуществ в цифровые валюты центральных банков. Рассмотрены дискуссионные вопросы развития коммерческих банков в условиях распространения цифровых валют. Описана архитектура цифровых валют, в том числе технология распределенного реестра. Показано, что для более эффективной организации функционирования цифровой валюты необходимо заложить в ее архитектуру приватность операций розничных пользователей, а также определены необходимые для этого меры.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: предложенный в статье подход предлагается использовать для развития инфраструктуры цифровой валюты. Предполагается, что он управлялся бы частным образом, был обеспечен государством и поддерживал процесс регистрации каждой транзакции банком или оператором, опираясь на не связанные с депозитарием электронные кошельки на основе обеспечивающих анонимность технологий, например, слепых подписей или протоколов доказательств с нулевым разглашением (т. е. без раскрытия конфиденциальных сведений сторон сделки). Этот подход может также обеспечить более высокую эффективность и прозрачность взаиморасчетов, погашения задолженности и управления системными рисками. Мы утверждаем, что наша система может восстановить и сохранить важнейшие свойства наличности, включая приватность, подконтрольность владельцу, взаимозаменяемость и доступность, при этом поддерживая функцию частичного банковского резервирования и существующую двухуровневую банковскую систему.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: предложенный подход может быть применен в практической организации системы денежных расчетов с использованием цифровых валют.</p><p>Впервые статья опубликована на английском языке в журнале Future Internet. По вопросам коммерческого использования обратитесь в редакцию журнала Future Internet.</p><p>Цитирование оригинала статьи на английском: Goodell G., Al-Nakib H. D., Tasca P. A Digital Currency Architecture for Privacy and Owner-Custodianship, Future Internet, 2021, 13, 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13050130</p></sec><sec><title>URL публикации</title><p>URL публикации: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/5/130</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to present the new approach to perform monetary transactions with digital currency.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: abstract-logical, analytical methods.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: in recent years, electronic retail payment mechanisms, especially e-commerce and card payments at the point of sale, have increasingly replaced cash in many developed countries. As a result, societies are losing a critical public retail payment option, and retail consumers are losing important rights associated with using cash. To address this concern, we propose an approach to digital currency that would allow people without banking relationships to transact electronically and privately, including both e-commerce purchases and point-of-sale purchases that are required to be cashless.</p><p>The article shows the advantages of cash payments compared to non-cash ones and defines the possibility to transform these advantages into the central bank digital currencies. The disputable issues of commercial banks development under the spread of digital currencies are discussed. The architecture of digital currencies is described, including distributed ledgers technology. It was shown that, for the digital currency to function effectively, it is necessary to include the privacy of end-users into its architecture; measures to achieve that are determined.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: the approached proposed in the article should be used to develop the digital currencies infrastructure. It should be government-backed, privately-operated and ensure that every transaction is registered by a bank or money services business, relying upon non-custodial wallets backed by privacy-enhancing technology, such as blind signatures or zero-knowledge proofs, to ensure that transaction counterparties are not revealed. This approach can also facilitate more efficient and transparent clearing, settlement, and management of systemic risk. We argue that our system can restore and preserve the salient features of cash, including privacy, owner-custodianship, fungibility, and accessibility, while also preserving fractional reserve banking and the existing two-tiered banking system.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: the proposed approach can be applied in the practical organization of perform monetary transactions using digital currencies.</p><p>The article was first published in English language by Future Internet. For more information please contact the editorial office.</p></sec><sec><title>For original publication</title><p>For original publication: Goodell G., Al-Nakib H. D., Tasca P. A Digital Currency Architecture for Privacy and Owner-Custodianship, Future Internet, 2021, 13, 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi13050130</p></sec><sec><title>Publication URL</title><p>Publication URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/13/5/130</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>цифровая валюта</kwd><kwd>цифровая валюта центрального банка</kwd><kwd>ЦВЦБ</kwd><kwd>приватность</kwd><kwd>распределенные реестры</kwd><kwd>подконтрольность владельцу</kwd><kwd>не связанные с депозитарием электронные кошельки</kwd><kwd>защищенные транзакции</kwd><kwd>платежи</kwd><kwd>электронная коммерция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Digital currency</kwd><kwd>CBDC</kwd><kwd>Privacy</kwd><kwd>Distributed ledgers</kwd><kwd>Owner-custodianship</kwd><kwd>Non-custodial wallets</kwd><kwd>Shielded transactions</kwd><kwd>Payments</kwd><kwd>E-commerce</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Данное исследование финансировалось и было выполнено в рамках гранта Horizon 2020 № H2020-ICT-2018-2 825215.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>This research was funded by Horizon 2020 grant number H2020-ICT-2018-2 825215.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mancini-Griffoli, T., Peria, M., Agur, I., Ari, A., Kiff, J., Popescu, A., Rochon, C. 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