rusjelRussian Journal of Economics and LawRussian Journal of Economics and Law2782-2923"TCE "Taglimat"" Ltd.10.21202/2782-2923.2021.4.822-850RZSBBErusjel-2186Research ArticleПЕРЕВОДНЫЕ СТАТЬИTRANSLATED ARTICLESУгроза со стороны ультраправого экстремизма по отношению к безопасности и организационной законности правоохранительных органов в СШАFar-Right Extremism’s Threat to Police Safety and the Organizational Legitimacy of Law Enforcement in the United StatesПаркинУ. С.ParkinW. S.

Уильям С. Паркин, доктор философии, кафедра уголовной юстиции, криминологии и судебной экспертизы

г. Сиэтл

William S. Parkin, PhD, Associate Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice, Criminology, and Forensics at Seattle University Department of Criminal Justice, Criminology & Forensics

Seattle

parkinw@seattleu.eduМиллсК. Е.MillsC. E.

Колин Е. Миллс, ассистент преподавателя в области уголовного правосудия

г. Абингтон

Colleen E. Mills, Assistant Professor of Criminal Justice at Pennsylvania State University, Abington and she is a co-principal investigator on the U.S. Extremist Crime Database (ECDB)

Abington

 

ГрюневальдД.GruenewaldJ.

Джефф Грюневальд, доктор философии, доцент кафедры социологии и криминологии, директор Центра изучения терроризма в колледже Фулбрайт

г. Фейетвилл

Jeff Gruenewald, PhD, Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology and Criminology and Director of the Terrorism Research Center (TRC) in the Fulbright College

Fayetteville

 

Сиэтлский университетСоединённые Штаты АмерикиSeattle UniversityUnited StatesУниверситет штата ПенсильванияСоединённые Штаты АмерикиPennsylvania State UniversityUnited StatesУниверситет АрканзасаСоединённые Штаты АмерикиUniversity of ArkansasUnited States202130122021154822850Copyright © Паркин У.С., Миллс К.Е., Грюневальд Д., 20212021Паркин У.С., Миллс К.Е., Грюневальд Д.Parkin W.S., Mills C.E., Gruenewald J.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2186Цель

Цель: анализ антиправительственной идеологии ультраправого экстремизма как внешней угрозы по отношению к сотрудникам охраны правопорядка.

Методы

Методы: диалектический подход к познанию социальных явлений с использованием основанных на нем общенаучных и частнонаучных методов познания.

Результаты

Результаты: взаимоотношения между ультраправыми экстремистами и правоохранительными органами в Соединенных Штатах Америки имеют длинную и сложную историю. В 2020 г. эти отношения оказались предметом широкого обсуждения, так как обе их стороны стали участниками ряда беспрецедентных событий общенационального уровня. В данной работе рассматривается антиправительственная идеология ультраправого экстремизма как внешняя угроза по отношению к сотрудникам охраны правопорядка. Представлена информация из базы данных по экстремистским преступлениям о сотрудниках правоохранительных органов, убитых при исполнении своих служебных обязанностей представителями ультраправых организаций за последние 30 лет. Кроме того, рассмотрен феномен явной или скрытой поддержки ультраправого экстремизма со стороны правоохранительных органов, который создает внутреннюю угрозу законности деятельности этих органов. Наконец, обсуждаются инициативы полиции, основанные на ранее проведенных исследованиях и направленные на снижение указанных угроз.

Научная новизна

Научная новизна: в работе впервые обосновывается, что ультраправые экстремисты представляют угрозу для сотрудников правоохранительных органов США. Антиправительственные экстремисты, считающие себя неподсудными законам юрисдикций, в которых они живут, могут дойти до насильственных действий в случае столкновения с органами правопорядка из-за своей идеологически мотивированной или обычной преступной деятельности. Кроме того, правоохранительные органы, принимающие на работу ультраправых экстремистов, сталкиваются с реальной перспективой потерять свою легитимность в глазах граждан, которым они клялись служить и защищать. В течение нескольких десятилетий криминологические исследования показывают, что недостаток доверия к полиции делает ее работу более сложной и опасной. Научные исследования и эмпирические представления указывают на множество путей к достижению цели, однако только решительные действия со стороны правоохранительных органов и законодателей могут снизить риск внешней виктимизации полиции и защитить органы правопорядка от делегитимизации по причине присутствия в их рядах ультраправых экстремистов.

Практическая значимость

Практическая значимость: основные положения и выводы статьи могут быть использованы в научной, педагогической и правоприменительной деятельности при рассмотрении вопросов, связанных с предупреждением, пресечением и расследованием экстремистских преступлений.

Впервые статья опубликована на английском языке в журнале Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society and The Western Society of Criminology Hosting by Scholastica. По вопросам коммерческого использования обратитесь в редакцию журнала Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society (CCJLS) и The Western Society of Criminology: CCJLS@WesternCriminology.org.

Цитирование оригинала статьи на английском: Parkin W. S., Mills C. E., Gruenewald J., Far-Right Extremism’s Threat to Police Safety and the Organizational Legitimacy of Law Enforcement in the United States Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 2018, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 1–14.

URL публикации

URL публикации: https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/26321-far-right-extremism-s-threat-to-police-safety-and-the-organizational- legitimacy-of-law-enforcement-in-the-united-states

Objective

Objective: to analyze the far-right extremism’s anti- government ideology as an external threat to law enforcement officers. Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, using the general and specific research methods based on it.

Results

Results: The relationship between far-right extremism and law enforcement in the United States has a long and complicated history. In 2020, this relationship was on display as both far-right extremists and law enforcement agencies were brought into the national spotlight for their roles in multiple unprecedented events. This research discusses how far-right extremism’s anti- government ideology represents an external threat to law enforcement officers. This threat is discussed through the presentation of 30-years of data on law enforcement officers killed in the line-of-duty by far-right extremists from the Extremist Crime Database. In addition, the research also examines law enforcement’s implicit and explicit support for far-right extremism, which creates an internal threat against the legitimacy of the profession. Finally, policy initiatives that come from, and build upon, prior research are discussed to reduce these threats.

Scientific novelty

Scientific novelty: for the first time, the work substantiates that far-right extremists threaten the safety of law enforcement officers in the United States. Antigovernment extremists, who do not believe that they are subject to the laws of the jurisdiction where they live, pose the risk of escalating to violent acts when encountering law enforcement when they engage in both ideologically motivated and routine criminal activity. In addition, law enforcement agencies who hire far-right extremists face the very real prospect of becoming illegitimate in the eyes of the communities to whom they are sworn to serve and protect. Decades of criminological research has shown that lack of trust in law enforcement makes the job of policing a community more difficult and more dangerous. Although multiple paths forward were outlined that build on prior research and empirical knowledge, only decisive action by law enforcement and policymakers will result in outcomes that reduce the risk of external violent victimization to police and protect law enforcement agencies from being delegitimized by the presence of far-right extremists within their ranks.

Practical significance

Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering issues related to the prevention, suppression and investigation of extremist crimes.

The article was first published in English language by Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society and The Western Society of Criminology Hosting by Scholastica. For more information please contact: CCJLS@WesternCriminology.org.

For original publication

For original publication: Parkin, W. S., Mills, C. E., Gruenewald, J. (2021). Far-Right Extremism’s Threat to Police Safety and the Organizational Legitimacy of Law Enforcement in the United States, Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 2021, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 1–24. Publication URL: https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/26321-far-right-extremism-s-threat-to-police-safety-and-the-organizational-legitimacy-of-law-enforcement-in-the-united-states

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Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 19 (1), 1–14.* Признана нежелательной организацией в РФ с 24.12.2025 / Recognized as an undesirable organization in the Russian Federation as of 24.12.2025.* Признана нежелательной организацией в РФ с 24.12.2025 / Recognized as an undesirable organization in the Russian Federation as of 24.12.2025.** Принадлежит нежелательной организации в РФ / Belongs to an undesirable organization in the Russian Federation.** Принадлежит нежелательной организации в РФ / Belongs to an undesirable organization in the Russian Federation.*** Сеть принадлежит компании Meta, признана экстремисткой организацией в РФ / The network is owned by Meta, a company recognized as an extremist organization in the Russian Federation.*** Сеть принадлежит компании Meta, признана экстремисткой организацией в РФ / The network is owned by Meta, a company recognized as an extremist organization in the Russian Federation.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.