rusjelRussian Journal of Economics and LawRussian Journal of Economics and Law2782-2923"TCE "Taglimat"" Ltd.10.21202/2782-2923.2022.3.625-665CMGSAGrusjel-2279Research ArticleПЕРЕВОДНЫЕ СТАТЬИTRANSLATED ARTICLESПробелы правосудия и перспективы криминологического исследованияThe Justice Gap and the Promise of Criminological Research. Russian Journal of Economics and LawЛеоР. А.LeoR. A.

Ричард А. Лео, профессор права и социологии

Richard A. Leo, Hamill Family Professor of Law and Social Psychology

rleo@usfca.eduУниверситет Сан-ФранцискоСоединённые Штаты АмерикиUniversity of San FranciscoUnited States202210092022163625665Copyright © Лео Р.А., 20222022Лео Р.А.Leo R.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2279Цель

Цель: обобщение и изучение правоприменительных ошибок во время предварительного расследования, судебного следствия и исполнения приговора в американской уголовно-исполнительной системе.

Методы

Методы: диалектический подход к познанию социальных явлений, позволяющий проанализировать их в историческом развитии и функционировании в контексте совокупности объективных и субъективных факторов, который определил выбор следующих методов исследования: формально-логический и социологический.

Результаты

Результаты: в работе достаточно подробно описаны и раскрыты четыре основных причины правоприменительных ошибок, которые встречаются во время предварительного расследования, судебного следствия и исполнения приговора в американской уголовно-исполнительной системе. К ним относятся: ложное признание, ошибочное опознание свидетеля, ошибка судебной экспертизы, ложное свидетельство информатора в местах лишения свободы. Неслучайно поэтому основной задачей эмпирических исследований криминологов и других ученых по минимизации правоприменительных ошибок в сфере уголовного судопроизводства за последние десятилетия стало требование о большей прозрачности в процессе сбора доказательств, а также развитие и внедрение лучших практик, основанных на социологических исследованиях. Развитие концептуального знания важно не только для создания системных, обобщающих и фундаментальных подходов к проблеме правоприменительных ошибок, но и чтобы показать законодателю, что на чаше весов – судьбы людей, а также существенные социально-правовые издержки.

 Научная новизна

 Научная новизна: в работе рассмотрены существующие проблемы в американской уголовно-исполнительной системе, которые встречаются на этапе предварительного расследования, судебного следствия и исполнения приговора. Среди них проблемы полицейских допросов, ложных признаний и судебных ошибок, приводящих к осуждению невиновного.

Практическая значимость

Практическая значимость: основные положения и выводы статьи могут быть использованы в научной, педагогической и правоприменительной деятельности при рассмотрении вопросов, связанных с минимизацией правоприменительных ошибок, которые встречаются на этапах предварительного расследования, судебного следствия и исполнения приговора в американской уголовно-исполнительной системе.

Впервые статья опубликована на английском языке в журнале Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society and The Western Society of Criminology Hosting by Scholastica. По вопросам коммерческого использования обратитесь в редакцию журнала Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society (CCJLS) и The Western Society of Criminology: CCJLS@WesternCriminology.org.

Цитирование оригинала статьи на английском: Leo, R. A. (2014). The Justice Gap and the Promise of Criminological Research, Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 15 (3), 1–37.

URL публикации

URL публикации: https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/419-the-justice-gap-and-the-promise-of-criminological-research

Objective

Objective: to summarize and study the law-application errors during preliminary interrogation, court investigation, and conviction in the American criminal justice system.

Methods

Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors, which predetermined the following research methods: formal-logical and sociological.

Results

Results: the work describes in detail and considers four main causes of law-application errors occurring during preliminary interrogation, court investigation, and conviction in the American criminal justice system. These include: false confessions, eyewitness misidentification, forensic error, and perjured jailhouse informant testimony. Hence, it is not accidental that the main task of empirical research of criminologists and other researchers in the past two decades has been a call for greater transparency in the evidence-gathering process and the development and implementation of best practices based on social science research. Developing conceptual knowledge is important not only for creating a more systematic, generalizable and respectable criminology of wrongful conviction, but also to better inform policy-makers’ understandings that people’s lives may be at stake, as well as trade-offs of wrongful convictions.

Scientific novelty

Scientific novelty: the work considers the current problems in the American criminal justice system, that occur during preliminary interrogation, court investigation, and conviction. Among them are the problems of police interrogations, false confessions and court errors, leading to wrongful convictions.

Practical significance

Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to the minimization of errors occurring at the stages of preliminary interrogation, court investigation, and conviction in the American criminal justice system.

The article was first published in English language by Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society and The Western Society of Criminology Hosting by Scholastica. For more information please contact: CCJLS@WesternCriminology.org.

For original publication

For original publication: Leo, R. A. (2014). The Justice Gap and the Promise of Criminological Research, Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 15 (3), 1–37.

Publication URL

Publication URL: https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/419-the-justice-gap-and-the-promise-of-criminological-research

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The Justice Gap and the Promise of Criminological Research, Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 15 (3), 1–37.* С 03.03.2026 Калифорнийский университет, Беркли, включен в перечень нежелательных организаций РФ / Since March 3,* С 03.03.2026 Калифорнийский университет, Беркли, включен в перечень нежелательных организаций РФ / Since March 3,, the University of California*, Berkeley, is included in the list undesirable organisations in Russia., the University of California*, Berkeley, is included in the list undesirable organisations in Russia.** Принадлежит нежелательной организации в РФ / Belongs to an undesirable organization in the Russian Federation.** Принадлежит нежелательной организации в РФ / Belongs to an undesirable organization in the Russian Federation.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.