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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rusjel</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Russian Journal of Economics and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Economics and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-2923</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"TCE "Taglimat"" Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/2782-2923.2023.2.396-438</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">VESQBI</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rusjel-2415</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПЕРЕВОДНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TRANSLATED ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Всеобъемлющая проблема Конгресса: опасное снижение профессиональных знаний в законодательном процессе</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The wholesale problem with Congress: the dangerous decline of expertise in the legislative process</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баркоу</surname><given-names>Р. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Barkow</surname><given-names>R. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рэйчел Е. Баркоу, заместитель декана, профессор права по кафедре Charles Seligson; руководитель совета Центра отправления уголовного правосудия</p><p>г. Нью-Йорк</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rachel E. Barkow, Vice Dean and Charles Seligson Professor of Law; Faculty Director, Center on the Administration of Criminal Law</p><p>New York</p><p> </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Школа права Нью-Йоркского университета</institution><country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>New York University School of Law</institution><country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>396</fpage><lpage>438</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Баркоу Р.Е., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Баркоу Р.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Barkow R.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2415">https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2415</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: демонстрация снижения роли экспертных знаний в работе Конгресса США, последствий этого снижения с учетом целостного характера законодательного процесса, а также возможные способы исправления этой ситуации.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: диалектический подход к познанию социальных явлений, позволяющий проанализировать их в историческом развитии и функционировании в контексте совокупности объективных и субъективных факторов, который определил выбор следующих методов исследования: формально-логический и социологический.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: ни для кого не секрет, что Конгресс США стал ареной борьбы между партиями, тогда как для продвижения мер, полезных для всех граждан, прилагается не слишком много усилий. Хотя Конгресс США всегда рассматривал политические вопросы через призму партийных интересов, в настоящее время роль внепартийного профессионального знания в законодательном процессе низка как никогда. Уважение к специалистам падает во всех слоях общества, однако отказ от использования их знаний в Конгрессе вызывает особую тревогу, поскольку это усиливает те недостатки, которые заложены в законодательном процессе. Конгресс США принимает законы, которые будут обязательны для всех, но не задумывается о конкретных случаях их применения. Результат установления этих общих законодательных мер будет зависеть от процедуры их выработки. Иногда перед принятием решения Конгресс США собирает относящиеся к делу факты и аргументы по различным аспектам проблемы, но это происходит все реже. Чаще законодатели опираются на какие-то крайние случаи или готовые образцы; если экспертный поиск информации не является частью процедуры по изучению проекта, то когнитивные искажения могут остаться незамеченными.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: в разделе I раскрыта роль внепартийных специалистов в законодательном процессе на протяжении длительного периода и показаны различные механизмы, приведшие к упадку их влияния на Конгресс США. В разделе II поясняется, почему указанное снижение роли специалистов вызывает особую озабоченность, учитывая, что Конгресс США определяет политику в целом и получает мало информации о том, как принимаемые решения отражаются в сценариях реального мира. В разделе III рассматривается вопрос о том, можно ли что-то сделать и следует ли это делать. Хотя теоретически Конгресс США может изменить свой подход, это выглядит маловероятным. На протяжении всей своей истории Конгресс США использовал внепартийных специалистов только тогда, когда беспокоился об излишнем усилении влияния президента. Когда же на политическом поле главную роль играют партии, Конгресс вряд ли будет заботиться о своем институциональном положении по отношению к исполнительной власти. Поскольку реформирования законодательства не происходит, в разделе III рассмотрены два других последствия снижения роли экспертных знаний в законодательном процессе. Во-первых, упадок профессионального знания внутри законодательного органа увеличивает нагрузку на административные службы, обеспечивающие эти знания. По иронии Верховный Суд США пытается оживить доктрину отказа от делегирования в тот самый момент, когда делегирование особенно необходимо. Во-вторых, суды и другие органы, интерпретирующие законы, могут опираться на смысл законов и на консультации Конгресса США с внепартийными специалистами, чтобы разрешить противоречия в законодательстве.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: основные положения и выводы статьи могут быть использованы в научной, правоприменительной и законотворческой деятельности при рассмотрении вопросов, связанных с деятельностью Конгресса США.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to document the declining respect for expertise in the US Congress, the implications for policymaking given the wholesale nature of the legislative process, and some possible ways to account for the decline of expertise in the legislative process.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors, which predetermined the following research methods: formal-logical and sociological.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: It is no surprise to anyone that the US Congress has become a hyperpartisan battleground where little effort is expended to promote policies that work for Americans. While the US Congress has always viewed policy issues through the lens of party politics, the role of nonpartisan expertise in the legislative process is at an all-time low. The disrespect for experts is growing across society, but the decline in their use is particularly troubling in the US Congress because it exacerbates deficiencies that are inherent to the legislative process. The US Congress passes laws of general applicability and does not sit in judgment of specific applications of the law. Whether the US Congress does a good job setting those general policies depends on the process it uses for doing so. Sometimes, though increasingly rarely, the US Congress gathers the relevant facts and arguments about different aspects of a problem before acting. More often, legislators have specific outlier problems or prototypes in mind when they draft legislation, and if there is not an expert fact-finding process in place to study a proposal, cognitive biases may go unchecked.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: Part I details the role nonpartisan experts have played in the legislative process over time and documents the various ways that experts have fallen out of favor in the US Congress. Part II explains why this decline of expert involvement in legislation is particularly troubling given the way the US Congress operates as a body making wholesale policy with little individualized feedback on how its policies are applying to real-world scenarios. Part III then turns to the question of what, if anything, could or should be done about it. While the US Congress could, in theory, shift course, that seems unlikely. Throughout its history, the US Congress has cared about nonpartisan expertise when it worried about presidential overreach. But with parties dominating the political landscape, there is little likelihood that the US Congress will care enough about its institutional position relative to the executive. In the absence of legislative reform, Part III therefore considers two additional implications of the decline of expertise in the legislative process. First, the decline of internal expertise in the legislative body places greater weight on the use of administrative agencies to provide that guidance. Ironically, the US Supreme Court may be toying with a revitalization of the nondelegation doctrine at the precise moment that delegation is most urgently needed. Second, courts and other bodies that interpret statutes could consider the relationship between statutory meaning and the US Congress’s consultation with nonpartisan experts to help address statutory ambiguities.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to the functioning of the US Congress.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Конгресс США</kwd><kwd>парламент</kwd><kwd>политические партии</kwd><kwd>голосование</kwd><kwd>экспертные знания</kwd><kwd>толкование права</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>US Congress</kwd><kwd>Parliament</kwd><kwd>Political parties</kwd><kwd>Voting</kwd><kwd>Expertise</kwd><kwd>Interpretation of law</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">автор выражает благодарность участникам круглого стола 2018 г. по проблемам законодательства, которые дали крайне ценную обратную связь, когда работа над данным проектом только начиналась. Автор также благодарен за комментарии к первым наброскам, полезное обсуждение и советы со стороны Lily Batchelder, Bob Bauer, Tommy Bennett, Adam Cox, Bill Eskridge, Sam Estreicher, Jonah Gelbach, Esther Hong, Dan Hulsebosch, David Kamin, Mervyn King, Richard Kogan, Erin Murphy, Rick Pildes, Daphna Renan, Peter Schuck, Evan Zolden, участников семинара по публичному праву в Школе права Университета Миннесоты, семинара в Школе права Нью-Йоркского университета, семинара по толкованию законодательства в Школе права Пенсильванского университета и семинара в Школе права Калифорнийского университета в Лос-Анджелесе. Также выражает благодарность Joy Chen, Will Hughes, Alyse Johnson, Sean Kim, Grace Li, Dan Schiano, Caroline Tan и Benjamin Wylly за помощь в исследовании.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">I am also grateful for comments on earlier drafts and helpful conversations and advice from Lily Batchelder, Bob Bauer, Tommy Bennett, Adam Cox, Bill Eskridge, Sam Estreicher, Jonah Gelbach, Esther Hong, Dan Hulsebosch, David Kamin, Mervyn King, Richard Kogan, Erin Murphy, Rick Pildes, Daphna Renan, Peter Schuck, Evan Zolden, participants at the public law workshop at the University of Minnesota Law School, the NYU School of Law faculty workshop, the Statutory Interpretation Seminar at theUniversity of Pennsylvania Carey Law School, and the faculty workshop at UCLA School of Law. 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