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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rusjel</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Russian Journal of Economics and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Economics and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-2923</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"TCE "Taglimat"" Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/2782-2923.2023.3.667-688</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">MOZVSV</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rusjel-2446</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПЕРЕВОДНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TRANSLATED ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Устойчивость темных сетей в условиях враждебного окружения: оптимизация централизации и плотности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Dark network resilience in a hostile environment: optimizing centralization and density</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эвертон</surname><given-names>Ш. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Everton</surname><given-names>S. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шин Ф. Эвертон является преподавателем кафедры анализа обороны и заместителем директора лаборатории CORE</p><p>г. Монтерей</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sean F. Everton is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Defense Analysis and the Co-Director of the CORE Lab </p><p>Monterey, CA, 93943, USA </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sfeverto@nps.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каннингэм</surname><given-names>Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Cunningham</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дэниэл Каннингэм является преподавателем кафедры анализа обороны</p><p>г. Монтерей</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daniel Cunningham is an Associate Faculty for Instruction in the Defense Analysis Department </p><p>Monterey, CA, 93943, USA </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Школа повышения квалификации офицерских кадров ВМС США</institution><country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Naval Postgraduate School</institution><country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>667</fpage><lpage>688</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Эвертон Ш.Ф., Каннингэм Д., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эвертон Ш.Ф., Каннингэм Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Everton S.F., Cunningham D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2446">https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2446</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: анализ правовой природы, структуры, особенностей насильственного экстремизма, а также выработка мер для предотвращения данного противоправного поведения.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: диалектический подход к познанию социальных явлений, позволяющий проанализировать их в историческом развитии и функционировании в контексте совокупности объективных и субъективных факторов, который определил выбор следующих методов исследования: формально-логический и социологический.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: в последние годы мир стал свидетелем возникновения насильственного экстремизма, что по-прежнему вызывает тревогу во всех странах. К изучению природы и структуры этого явления прилагаются большие усилия, призванные помочь выработке мер для предотвращения насильственных действий в будущем. Особый интерес аналитиков и исследователей вызывает выявление структурных особенностей, которые усиливают или снижают сопротивляемость насильственного экстремизма внутренним и внешним воздействиям. Часто отмечается, что насильственный экстремизм обычно стремится сбалансировать операционную безопасность и эффективность. Ряд ученых утверждают, что стремление экстремистов к секретности перевешивает их стремление к эффективности, в результате чего их организации становятся менее централизованными и имеют меньше внутренних связей. Другие доказывают, что централизация необходима, поскольку безопасностью легче поступиться, а внутренняя сплоченность повышает чувство солидарности и препятствует противостоящим влияниям. Естественно, обе позиции подкрепляются свидетельствами. В настоящей статье анализируется развитие террористической сети Нурдина Топа с целью изучения баланса между безопасностью и эффективностью с новой точки зрения. Было обнаружено, что процесс формирования различных структур сети гораздо сложнее, чем то, что описывается в современной научной литературе.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: в работе обосновано, что процесс формирования структуры темной сети более сложный, чем то, как он описан в современной научной литературе, а именно что структура сети на обоих концах континуумов сплоченности и централизации имеет потенциальные преимущества и недостатки в отношении ее устойчивости. В случае сети Нурдина Топа оказалось, что активное формирование внешних связей сети в периоды после терактов обеспечивало доступ к ресурсам, но, вероятно, стало одним из факторов обнаружения и последующего разрушения сети. Во многом аналогично ее предшественникам, организовавшим теракт Бали I, которые также активно устанавливали внешние связи после операции, эта сеть столкнулась со значительными потерями и была вынуждена перестраиваться немедленно после каждой операции. Эта тенденция, как и в целом принятие централизованной структуры, показывает, что сеть Нурдина сформировала субоптимальную структуру, которая в конечном итоге способствовала его гибели.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: основные положения и выводы статьи могут быть использованы в научной, педагогической и правоприменительной деятельности при рассмотрении вопросов, связанных с противодействием экстремизму и терроризму.</p><p>Впервые статья опубликована на английском языке в журнале Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law &amp; Society and The Western Society of Criminology Hosting by Scholastica. По вопросам коммерческого использования обратитесь в редакцию журнала Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law &amp; Society (CCJLS) и The Western Society of Criminology: CCJLS@WesternCriminology.org</p><p>Цитирование оригинала статьи на английском: Everton, S. F., &amp; Cunningham, D. (2015). Dark network resilience in a hostile environment: optimizing centralization and density. Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law &amp; Society, 16(1), 1–20.</p></sec><sec><title>URL публикации</title><p>URL публикации: https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/341-dark-network-resilience-in-a-hostile-environment-optimizingcentralization-and-density</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to analyze the legal nature, structure, and features of violent extremism and to develop measures to prevent this illegal behavior.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors, which predetermined the following research methods: formal-logical and sociological.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: in recent years, the world has witnessed the emergence of violent extremists (VEs), and they have become an ongoing concern for countries around the globe. A great deal of effort has been expended examining their nature and structure in order to aid in the development of interventions to prevent further violence. Analysts and scholars have been </p><p>particularly interested in identifying structural features that enhance (or diminish) VE resilience to exogenous and endogenous shocks. As many have noted, VEs typically seek to balance operational security and capacity/efficiency. Some argue that their desire for secrecy outweighs their desire for efficiency, which leads them to be less centralized with few internal connections. Others argue that centralization is necessary because security is more easily compromised and that internal density promotes solidarity and limits countervailing influences. Unsurprisingly, scholars have found evidence for both positions. In this paper, we analyze the Noordin Top terrorist network over time to examine the security-efficiency tradeoff from a new perspective. We find that the process by which they adopt various network structures is far more complex than much of the current literature suggests.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: the research showed that a dark network’s adoption of a network structure is far more complex than what current literature suggests, namely that a network structure at either side of the cohesion and centralization continuums offers potential advantages and disadvantages in terms of network resilience. In the case of Noordin Top, it appears that his network’s focus on establishing external ties after its operations provided it possible access to resources but likely became a factor contributing to its exposure and eventual disruption. The network, much like its Bali I predecessors who also focused on establishing external ties after their operation, faced significant losses and needed to reconstitute itself immediately following each operation. This tendency, along with the general adoption of a centralized structure, suggests that Noordin’s network adopted a suboptimal structure that ultimately contributed to his demise.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to fighting extremism and terrorism.</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p><p>The article was first published in English language by Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law &amp; Society and The Western Society of</p><p>Criminology Hosting by Scholastica. For more information please contact: CCJLS@WesternCriminology.org The submitted material is published in full, as interpreted by the author.</p></sec><sec><title>For original publication</title><p>For original publication: Everton, S. F., &amp; Cunningham, D. (2015). Dark network resilience in a hostile environment: optimizing centralization and density. Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law &amp; Society, 16(1), 1–20.</p></sec><sec><title>Publication URL</title><p>Publication URL: https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/341-dark-network-resilience-in-a-hostile-environment-optimizingcentralization-and-density</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сеть Нурдина Топа</kwd><kwd>экстремизм</kwd><kwd>терроризм</kwd><kwd>экстремистская организация</kwd><kwd>террористическая организация</kwd><kwd>социальные сети</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Noordin Top network</kwd><kwd>extremism</kwd><kwd>terrorism</kwd><kwd>extremist organization</kwd><kwd>terrorist organization</kwd><kwd>social networks</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arquilla, J. (2009). 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