<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rusjel</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Russian Journal of Economics and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Economics and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-2923</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"TCE "Taglimat"" Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/2782-2923.2023.4.716-744</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">JBSQBA</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rusjel-2468</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>РЕГИОНАЛЬНАЯ И ОТРАСЛЕВАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REGIONAL AND BRANCH ECONOMICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экономический эффект депонирования углерода от интенсификации лесопользования: анализ и прогноз для Республики Карелия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economic effect of carbon storage due to forest management intensification: analysis and forecast for the Republic of Karelia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3750-4299</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Высоких-Альясири</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vysokikh-Al-Yasiri</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алена Александровна Высоких-Альясири, аспирант, </p><p>г. Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alena A. Vysokikh-Al-Yasiri, post-graduate student, </p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Alena.Vysokikh@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>716</fpage><lpage>744</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Высоких-Альясири А.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Высоких-Альясири А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vysokikh-Al-Yasiri A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2468">https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2468</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: оценка экономического потенциала депонирования углерода для группы компаний в Республике Карелия в контексте интенсивного лесопользования.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы: SWOT-анализ; оценка проекта лесопользования по международной методологии VM10, Verified Carbon Standard 2016 и прогноз выручки от продажи углеродных единиц.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: потенциал российского лесопользования в контексте Парижского соглашения не оспаривается, однако оценка экономического потенциала депонирования углерода отдельных хозяйствующих субъектов в данный момент остается открытым вопросом. В рамках исследования произведена оценка эффекта от продажи углеродных единиц, полученных с проектов интенсификации лесопользования с учетом максимального срока аренды для арендной территории 2,25 млн га, которые могут достигнуть в среднем 23 млн руб. в год с 2023 по 2034 г. и в среднем 42 млн руб. в год с 2023 по 2050 г., без учета капитальных затрат на лесозаготовку и подготовку, валидацию, верификацию и регистрацию климатического проекта, проведение полевых наблюдений для обеспечения мониторинга. Исследование доказывает, что долгосрочные инвестиции в интенсификацию лесопользования и выбор более длительного периода климатического проекта могут привести к более высоким доходам на гектар от продажи углеродных единиц.</p></sec><sec><title>Научная новизна</title><p>Научная новизна: заключается в экономической оценке нормативно-правовых ограничений на цену углеродной единицы для лесных климатических проектов с учетом максимального срока аренды, предусмотренного национальным законодательством. Полученные результаты обосновывают экономические вызовы, связанные с текущими нормативами, а также предоставляют информацию о вариативности эффективности проекта в зависимости от выбранного срока его реализации.</p></sec><sec><title>Практическая значимость</title><p>Практическая значимость: основные результаты работы могут быть использованы в практической деятельности хозяйствующих субъектов, а также органами, формирующими политику лесопользования.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to assess the economic potential of carbon storage for a group of companies in the Republic of Karelia in the context of intensive forest management.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods: SWOT analysis; assessment of a forest management project according to the VM10 international methodology, Verified Carbon Standard 2016 and forecast of revenues from selling carbon units.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: the potential of Russian forest management in the context of the Paris Agreement is not disputed, but the assessment of the economic potential of carbon storage of individual economic entities at the moment remains open for discussion. The study estimates the effect of selling carbon units from forest management intensification projects, taking into account the maximum lease term for the area of 2.25 million hectares. This effect can reach an average of 23 million rubles per year from 2023 to 2034 and an average of 42 million rubles per year from 2023 to 2050, excluding the capital costs of logging and preparation, validation, verification and registration of the climate project, and field observations to ensure monitoring. The study proves that long-term investments in forest management intensification and a longer period of the climate project can lead to higher income per hectare from selling carbon units.</p></sec><sec><title>Scientific novelty</title><p>Scientific novelty: it consists in the economic evaluation of regulatory restrictions on the price of carbon unit for forest climate projects, taking into account the maximum lease term stipulated by national legislation. The obtained results substantiate the economic challenges associated with the current regulations and provide information on the variability of project efficiency depending on the selected term of its implementation.</p></sec><sec><title>Practical significance</title><p>Practical significance: the main results of the research can be used in the practical activity of economic entities, as well as by the bodies forming the policy of forest management.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>региональная и отраслевая экономика</kwd><kwd>интенсификация лесопользования</kwd><kwd>депонирование углерода</kwd><kwd>углеродные единицы</kwd><kwd>изменение климата</kwd><kwd>устойчивое лесопользование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>regional and sectoral economy</kwd><kwd>forest management intensification</kwd><kwd>carbon storage</kwd><kwd>carbon units</kwd><kwd>climate change</kwd><kwd>sustainable forest management</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ваганов, Е. А., Порфирьев, Б. Н., Широв, А. А., Колпаков, А. Ю., Пыжев, А. И. (2021). Снижение рисков климатических изменений и их последствий для экономики: оценка вклада российских лесов. Научные труды. Институт народнохозяйственного прогнозирования РАН, 7–33. https://doi.org/10.47711/2076-318-2021-7-33</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Angelstam, P., Naumov, V., &amp; Elbakidze, M. (2016). Transitioning from Soviet wood mining to sustainable forest management by intensification: Are tree growth rates different in northwest Russia and Sweden? Forestry, 90, 292–303.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Добрынин, Д. А., Сунгуров, Р. В. (2014). К проблеме выявления лесных участков, на которых возможно экономически эффективное и экологически устойчивое лесопользование. В сб. Н. Шматков (ред.), Интенсивное устойчивое лесное хозяйство: барьеры и перспективы развития (с. 21–45). Москва.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bonan, G. B. (2008). Forests and climate change: Forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests. Science, 320 (5882), 1444–1449.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Желдак, В. И. (2023). Вопросы адаптивно-целевого применения лесоводственных рубок в целях повышения эффективности депонирования и консервации углерода лесами. Вестник Поволжского государственного технологического университета. Сер.: Лес. Экология. Природопользование, 1(57), 21–42. https://journals.volgatech.net/forest/article/view/925/782</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calvo Buendia, E., Tanabe, K., Kranjc, A., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M., Ngarize S., Osako, A., Pyrozhenko, Y., Shermanau, P., &amp; Federici, S. (2019). Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Switzerland: IPCC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Замолодчиков, Д. Г. (2021). Углеродный цикл и изменения климата. Окружающая среда и энерговедение, 2, 53–69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CDM EB75, Annex 30, AR-ACM0003, Afforestation and reforestation of lands except wetlands, Version 2.0 UNFCCC. Bonn, Germany.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коротков, В. Н. (2022). Лесные климатические проекты в России: ограничения и возможности. Russian Journal of Ecosystem Ecology, 7(4), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.21685/2500-0578-2022-4-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobrynin, D. A., &amp; Sungurov, R. V. (2014). On the issue of identifying forest areas for economically effective and ecologically sustainable forest management. In N. Shmatkov (Ed.), Intensive sustainable forest management: barriers and prospects of development (pp. 21–45). Moscow.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Корчагов, С. А. (2014). Нормативно-правовая база для интенсивного лесного хозяйства на федеральном и региональном уровне (на примере Вологодской области). В сб. Н. Шматков (ред.), Интенсивное устойчивое лесное хозяйство: барьеры и перспективы развития (с. 45–83). Москва.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobrynin, D., Jarlebring, N. Y., Mustalahti, I., Sotirov, M., Kulikova, E., &amp; Lopatin, E. (2021). The Forest Environmental Frontier in Russia: Between Sustainable Forest Management Discourses and ‘wood mining’ practice. Ambio, 50(12), 2138–2152.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Курбатова, А. И. (2020). Аналитический обзор по современным исследованиям изменений биотических составляющих углеродного цикла. Вестник РУДН. Серия: Экология и безопасность жизнедеятельности, 28(4), 428–438. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2310-2020-28-4-428-438</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eggleston, H. S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., &amp; Tanabe, K. (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme. Japan: IGES.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Липка, О. Н., Корзухин, М. Д., Замолодчиков, Д. Г., Добролюбов, Н. Ю., Крыленко, С. В., Богданович, А. Ю., Семенов, С. М. (2021). Роль лесов в адаптации природных систем к изменениям климата. Лесоведение, 5, 531–546. https://doi.org/10.31857/s0024114821050077</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elbakidze, M., Andersson, K., Angelstam, P., Armstrong, G. W., Axelsson, R., Doyon, F., … Pautov, Y. (2013). Sustained Yield Forestry in Sweden and Russia: How Does it Correspond to Sustainable Forest Management Policy? Ambio, 42(2), 160–173.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лукина, Н. В. (2020). Глобальные вызовы и лесные экосистемы. Вестник Российской академии наук, 90(6), 528–532. https://doi.org/10.31857/s0869587320060080</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fahey, T. J., Woodbury, P. B., Battles, J. J., Goodale, C. L., Hamburg, S. P., Ollinger, S. V., &amp; Woodall, C. W. (2010). Forest carbon storage: ecology, management, and policy. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 8(5), 245–252.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лукина, Н. В., Гераськина, А. П., Горнов, А. В., Шевченко, Н. Е., Куприн, А. В., Чернов, Т. И., Чумаченко, С. И., Шанин, В. Н., Кузнецова, А. И., Тебенькова, Д. Н., Горнова, М. В. (2020). Биоразнообразие и климаторегулирующие функции лесов: актуальные вопросы и перспективы исследований. Вопросы лесной науки, 3(4), 1–90. https://doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-2020-3-4-1-90</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">FAO. (2021). Global estimation of forest resources for 2020. Main report. Rome. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мамонов, Д. Н., Морковина, С. С., Матвеев, С. М., Шешницан, С. С. (2022). Сравнительная оценка методов учета депонирования углерода сосново-березовыми лесными насаждениями Воронежской области. Лесотехнический журнал, 12(3), 4–15. https://doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2022.3/1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedorov, B. G. (2017). Russian carbon balance. Moscow: Nauchnyi Konsultant. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Порфирьев, Б. Н. (2019). Эффективная стратегия действий в отношении изменений климата и их последствий для экономики России. Проблемы прогнозирования, 3, 3–16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filipchuk, А. N., Malysheva, N. V., Moiseev, B. N., &amp; Strakhov, V. V. (2016). Analytical overview of methodologies calculating missions and absorption of greenhouse gases by forests from the atmosphere. Forestry Information, 3, 36–85. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Птичников, А. В., Шварц, Е. А., Попова, Г. А., Байбар, А. С. (2022). Роль лесов в реализации стратегии низкоуглеродного развития России. Доклады Российской академии наук. Науки о земле, 507(1), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.31857/s268673972260120x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (2005). Global Forest Resources Assessment. Country reports. Russian Federation. FRA2005/053. Rome 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рай, Е. А., Сластников, С. И., Бурова, Н. В. (2013). Российское законодательство и сохранение биологического разнообразия в лесах: возможности и проблемы. В сб. Н. Шматков (ред.), Интенсивное устойчивое лесное хозяйство: барьеры и перспективы развития (с. 137–149). Москва.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gauthier, S., Bernier, P., Kuuluvainen, T., Shvidenko, A. Z., &amp; Schepaschenko, D. G. (2015). Boreal Forest Health and Global Change. Science, 349(6250), 819–822. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa9092</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Романюк, Б. Д. (2013). Требования к нормативам для экономически обоснованной модели лесопользования. В сб. Н. Шматков (ред.), Интенсивное устойчивое лесное хозяйство: барьеры и перспективы развития (с. 9–21). Москва.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goodale, C. L., Apps, M. J., Birdsey, R. A., Field, C. B., Heath, L. S., Houghton, R. A., … Shvidenko, A. Z. (2002). Forest Carbon Sinks In The Northern Hemisphere. Ecological Applications, 12(3), 891–899. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0891:fcsitn]2.0.co;2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук, отделение биологических наук РАН, Научный совет РАН по лесу, Центр по проблемам экологии и продуктивности лесов РАН (2021). Резолюция по итогам научных дебатов «Оценка поглощения парниковых газов лесами: мифы и реальность», 4 марта 2021 г., г. Москва.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Pongratz, J., van der Werf, G. R., DeFries, R. S., Hansen, M. C., Le Quéré, C., &amp; Ramankutty, N. (2012). Carbon emissions from land use and land-cover change. Biogeosciences, 9(12), 5125–5142. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5125-2012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт лесного хозяйства. (2015). Концепция интенсивного использования и воспроизводства лесов. Санкт-Петербург.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hynynen, J., Salminen, H., Ahtikoski, A., Huuskonen, S., Ojansuu, R., Siipilehto, J., … Eerikäinen, K. (2015). Long-term impacts of forest management on biomass supply and forest resource development: a scenario analysis for Finland. European Journal of Forest Research, 134(3), 415–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-014-0860-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Синькевич, С. М. (2013). Правила ухода от дохода: о некоторых экономических и экологических аспектах нормативных документов по рубкам ухода на примере Республики Карелия. В сб. Н. Шматков (ред.), Интенсивное устойчивое лесное хозяйство: барьеры и перспективы развития (с. 111–123). Москва.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klapwijk, M. J., Boberg, J., Bergh, J., Bishop, K., Björkman, C., Ellison, D., … Mårald, E. (2018). Capturing complexity: Forests, decision-making and climate change mitigation action. Global Environmental Change, 52, 238–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.07.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соколов, А. И. (2013). Нормативы и практика лесовосстановления: ситуация в Республике Карелия. В сб. Н. Шматков (ред.), Интенсивное устойчивое лесное хозяйство: барьеры и перспективы развития (с. 103–111). Москва.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korchagov, S. A. (2014). Legal framework for intensive forest management at federal and regional levels (by the example of Vologda oblast). In N. Shmatkov (Ed.), Intensive sustainable forest management: barriers and prospects of development (pp. 45–83). Moscow. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сонгeн, Б., Андpаско, К., Гитаpский, М., Коpовин, Г., Лeстадиус, Л., Мюppeй, Б., Уткин, А., Замолодчиков, Д. (2005). Пулы и потоки углерода в лесном и земельном фондах России: инвентаризация и потенциал смягчения последствий климатических изменений. Институт мировых ресурсов.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korotkov, V. N. (2022). Forest climate projects in Russia: limitations and opportunities. Russian Journal of Ecosystem Ecology, 7(4). (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21685/2500-0578-2022-4-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тебенькова, Д. Н., Катаев, А. Д. (2022). Мультифункциональное лесное хозяйство или заготовка древесины? Resources and Technology, 19(1), 87–113. https://doi.org/10.15393/j2.art.2022.6063</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurbatova, A. I. (2020). Analytical review of modern studies of changes in the biotic components of the carbon cycle. RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety, 28(4), 428–438. (In Russ.). http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2310-2020-28-4-428-438</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Усольцев, В. А., Ковязин, В. Ф., Цепордей, И. С. (2021). Текущее накопление углерода в лесах двух экорегионов России. Известия Санкт-Петербургской лесотехнической академии, 237, 75–96. https://doi.org/10.21266/2079-4304.2021.237.75-96</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lipka, O. N., Korzukhin, M. D., Zamolodchikov, D. G., Dobrolyubov, N. Yu., Krylenko, S. V., Bogdanovich, A. Yu., &amp; Semenov, S. M. (2021). A role of forests in natural systems adaptation to climate change. Lesovedenie, 5, 531–546. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31857/s0024114821050077</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уткин, А. И., Замолодчиков, Д. Г., Коровин, Г. Н., Нефедьев, В. В., Гульбе, Т. А., Гульбе, Я. И., Гамбург, С. П. (1997). Определение запасов углерода насаждений на пробных площадях: сравнение аллометрического и конверсионно-объемного методов. Лесоведение, 5, 51–66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lukina, N. V. (2020). Global challenges and forest ecosystems. Vestnik Rossijskoj Akademii Nauk, 90(6), 528–532. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31857/s0869587320060080</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ФАО. (2021). Глобальная оценка лесных ресурсов 2020 года. Основной отчет. Рим.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lukina, N. V., Geraskina, A. P., Gornov, A. V., Shevchenko, N. E., Kuprin, A. V., Chernov, T. I., Chumachenko, S. I., Shanin, V. N., &amp; Kuznetsova, A. I. (2020). Biodiversity and climate regulating functions of forests: current issues and prospects for research. Forest Science Issues, 3(4), 1–90. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31509/2658-607x-2020-3-4-1-90</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Федоров, Б. Г. (2017). Российский углеродный баланс. Москва: Научный Консультант.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mamonov, D. N., Morkovina, S. S., Matveev, S. M., &amp; Sheshnitsan, S. S. (2022). Comparative evaluation of carbon sequestration accounting methods by pine-birch forest plantations in Voronezh region. Forest Engineering journal, 12(3), 4–15. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2022.3/1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филипчук, А. Н., Малышева, Н. В., Моисеев, Б. Н., Страхов, В. В. (2016). Аналитический обзор методик учета выбросов и поглощения лесами парниковых газов из атмосферы. Лесохозяйственная информация, 3, 36–85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mokany, K., Raison, J. R., &amp; Prokushkin, A. S. (2006). Critical analysis of root: shoot ratios in terrestrial biomes. Global Change Biology, 12, 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001043.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Швиденко, А. З., Щепащенко, Д. Г. (2014). Углеродный бюджет лесов России. Сибирский лесной журнал, 1, 69–92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pan, Y., Birdsey, R. A., Fang, J., Houghton, R., Kauppi, P. E., Kurz, W. A., Phillips, O. L., Shvidenko, A., Lewis, S. L., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Pacala, S. W., McGuire, A. D., Piao, S., Rautiainen, A., Sitch, S., &amp; Hayes, D. (2011). A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science, 333(6045), 988–993. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201609</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Angelstam, P., Naumov, V., &amp; Elbakidze, M. (2016). Transitioning from Soviet wood mining to sustainable forest management by intensification: Are tree growth rates different in northwest Russia and Sweden? Forestry, 90, 292–303.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park, A., Puettmann, K., Wilson, E., Messier, C., Kames, S., &amp; Dhar, A. (2014). Can Boreal and Temperate Forest Management be Adapted to the Uncertainties of 21st Century Climate Change? Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 33(4), 251–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2014.858956</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bonan, G. B. (2008). Forests and climate change: Forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests. Science, 320 (5882), 1444–1449.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Penman, J., Gytarsky, M., Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Kruger, D., Pipatti, R., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., Tanabe, K., &amp; Wagner, F. (2003). Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry. Japan: IGES.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calvo Buendia, E., Tanabe, K., Kranjc, A., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M., Ngarize S., Osako, A., Pyrozhenko, Y., Shermanau, P., &amp; Federici, S. (2019). Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Switzerland: IPCC. CDM EB75, Annex 30, AR-ACM0003, Afforestation and reforestation of lands except wetlands, Version 2.0 UNFCCC. Bonn, Germany.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Porfiryev, B. N. (2019). Effective action strategy to cope with climate change and its impact on Russia's economy. Studies on Russian Economic Development, 30(3), 235–244. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dobrynin, D., Jarlebring, N. Y., Mustalahti, I., Sotirov, M., Kulikova, E., &amp; Lopatin, E. (2021). The Forest Environmental Frontier in Russia: Between Sustainable Forest Management Discourses and ‘wood mining’ practice. Ambio, 50(12), 2138–2152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ptichnikov, A. V., Shvarts, E. A., Popova, G. A., &amp; Baibar, A. S. (2022). The role of forests in the implementation of Russia’s low-carbon development strategy. Doklady Rossijskoj Akademii Nauk. Nauki o Zemle, 507(1), 981–985. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eggleston, H. S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., &amp; Tanabe, K. (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme. Japan: IGES.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puettmann, K. J., Coates, K. D., &amp; Messier, C. (2009). A Critique of Silviculture: Managing for Complexity. Washington, DC: Island Press. Rai, E. A., Slastnikov, S. I., &amp; Burova, N. V. (2013).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elbakidze, M., Andersson, K., Angelstam, P., Armstrong, G. W., Axelsson, R., Doyon, F., … Pautov, Y. (2013). Sustained Yield Forestry in Sweden and Russia: How Does it Correspond to Sustainable Forest Management Policy? Ambio, 42(2), 160–173.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russian legislation and preservation of biological diversity in forests: opportunities and problems. In N. Shmatkov (Ed.), Intensive sustainable forest management: barriers and prospects of development (pp. 103–111). Moscow. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fahey, T. J., Woodbury, P. B., Battles, J. J., Goodale, C. L., Hamburg, S. P., Ollinger, S. V., &amp; Woodall, C. W. (2010). Forest carbon storage: ecology, management, and policy. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 8(5), 245–252.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Romanyuk, B. D. (2013). Requirements to norms for economically substantiated model of forest management. In N. Shmatkov (Ed.), Intensive sustainable forest management: barriers and prospects of development (pp. 9–21). Moscow. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (2005). Global Forest Resources Assessment. Country reports. Russian Federation. FRA2005/053. Rome 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences, Section of Biological Sciences of the RAS, RAS Scientific Council on forests, RAS Center for the Issues of Forest Ecology and Productivity. (2021). Resolution on the results of scientific debate “Assessing greenhouse gas absorption by forests: myths and reality”, March 4, 2021, Moscow. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gauthier, S., Bernier, P., Kuuluvainen, T., Shvidenko, A. Z., &amp; Schepaschenko, D. G. (2015). Boreal Forest Health and Global Change. Science, 349(6250), 819–822. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa9092</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg Forestry Research Institute. (2015). Concept of intensive use and reproduction of forests. Saint Petersburg. (In Russ.). Shvidenko, A. Z., &amp; Schepaschenko, D. G. (2014). Carbon Budget of Russian Forests. Siberian Journal of Forest Science, 1, 69–92. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goodale, C. L., Apps, M. J., Birdsey, R. A., Field, C. B., Heath, L. S., Houghton, R. A., … Shvidenko, A. Z. (2002). Forest Carbon Sinks In The Northern Hemisphere. Ecological Applications, 12(3), 891–899. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0891:fcsitn]2.0.co;2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sinkevich, S. M. (2013). Rules for evading income: on some economic and ecological aspects of the legal framework on forest cutting by example of the Republic of Karelia. In N. Shmatkov (Ed.), Intensive sustainable forest management: barriers and prospects of development (pp. 111–123). Moscow. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Pongratz, J., van der Werf, G. R., DeFries, R. S., Hansen, M. C., Le Quéré, C., &amp; Ramankutty, N. (2012). Carbon emissions from land use and land-cover change. Biogeosciences, 9(12), 5125–5142. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5125-2012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolov, A. I. (2013). Norms and practice of forest regeneration: situation in the Republic of Karelia. In N. Shmatkov (Ed.), Intensive sustainable forest management: barriers and prospects of development (pp. 103–111). Moscow. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hynynen, J., Salminen, H., Ahtikoski, A., Huuskonen, S., Ojansuu, R., Siipilehto, J., … Eerikäinen, K. (2015). Long-term impacts of forest management on biomass supply and forest resource development: a scenario analysis for Finland. European Journal of Forest Research, 134(3), 415–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-014-0860-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Songen, B., Andpasko, K., Gitapskii, M., Kopovin, G., Lestadius, L., Myuppei, B., Utkin, A., &amp; Zamolodchikov, D. (2005). Carbon pools and streams in the Russian forest and land funds: inventory and potential of mitigating the climatic change consequences. World Resources Institute. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klapwijk, M. J., Boberg, J., Bergh, J., Bishop, K., Björkman, C., Ellison, D., … Mårald, E. (2018). Capturing complexity: Forests, decision-making and climate change mitigation action. Global Environmental Change, 52, 238–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.07.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tebenkova, D. N., &amp; Kataev, A. D. (2022). Multifunctional forestry or timber harvesting? Resources and Technology, 19(1), 87–113. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15393/j2.art.2022.6063</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mokany, K., Raison, J. R., &amp; Prokushkin, A. S. (2006). Critical analysis of root : shoot ratios in terrestrial biomes. Global Change Biology, 12, 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001043.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Usoltsev, V. А., Kovyazin, V. F., &amp; Tsepordey, I. S. (2021). Current carbon storage in forests of two ecoregions of Russia. Izvestia Sankt-Peterburgskoj Lesotehniceskoj Akademii, 237, 75–96. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21266/2079-4304.2021.237.75-96</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pan, Y., Birdsey, R. A., Fang, J., Houghton, R., Kauppi, P. E., Kurz, W. A., Phillips, O. L., Shvidenko, A., Lewis, S. L., Canadell, J. G., Ciais, P., Jackson, R. B., Pacala, S. W., McGuire, A. D., Piao, S., Rautiainen, A., Sitch, S., &amp; Hayes, D. (2011). A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science, 333(6045), 988–993. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1201609</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Utkin, A. I., Zamolodchikov, D. G., Korovin, G. N., Nefedev, V. V., Gulbe, T. A., Gulbe, Ya. I., &amp; Gamburg, S. P. (1997). Determining the carbon stock of plantations on testing areas: comparing allometric and conversion-volume methods. Lesovedenie, 5, 51–66. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park, A., Puettmann, K., Wilson, E., Messier, C., Kames, S., &amp; Dhar, A. (2014). Can Boreal and Temperate Forest Management be Adapted to the Uncertainties of 21st Century Climate Change? Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 33(4), 251–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2014.858956</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaganov, E. N., Porfiryev, B. N., Shirov, A. A., Kolpakov, A. Yu., &amp; Pyzhev, A. I. (2021). Assessment of the Contribution of Russian Forests to Climate Change Risk Reduction and its Impacts. Scientific works: Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 7–33. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.47711/2076-318-2021-7-33</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Penman, J., Gytarsky, M., Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Kruger, D., Pipatti, R., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., Tanabe, K., &amp; Wagner, F. (2003). Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry. Japan: IGES.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">VCS. (2016). VM10 Methodology for Improved Forest Management: Conversion from Logged to Protected Forest, v1.3. VERRA. Washington DC, USA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Puettmann, K. J., Coates, K. D., &amp; Messier, C. (2009). A Critique of Silviculture: Managing for Complexity. Washington, DC: Island Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">VCS. (2020). Verified Carbon Standard Methodologies. VERRA. Washington DC, USA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">VCS. (2016 ), VM10 Methodology for Improved Forest Management: Conversion from Logged to Protected Forest, v1.3. VERRA. Washington DC, USA.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Winjum, J., Brown, S., &amp; Schlamadinger, B. (1998). Forest Harvests and Wood Products: Sources and Sinks of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Forest Science, 44(2), 272–284.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">VCS. (2020). Verified Carbon Standard Methodologies, VERRA. Washington DC, USA.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zamolodchikov, D. (2021). Carbon Cycle and Climate Change. Journal of Environmental Earth and Еnergy Study, 2, 53–69. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Winjum, J., Brown, S., &amp; Schlamadinger, B. (1998). Forest Harvests and Wood Products: Sources and Sinks of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Forest Science, 44(2), 272–284.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheldak, V. I. (2023). Issues of adaptive-targeted use of silvicultural cuttings in order to increase the efficiency of carbon sequestration and conservation by forests. Vestnik of Volga State University of Technology. Ser.: Forest. Ecology. Nature Management, 1(57), 21–42. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.25686/2306-2827.2023.1.21</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
