rusjelRussian Journal of Economics and LawRussian Journal of Economics and Law2782-2923"TCE "Taglimat"" Ltd.10.21202/2782-2923.2024.1.264-279rusjel-2524Research ArticleДИСКУССИИDISCUSSIONSИскусственный интеллект и киберутопизм в правосудии. Почему ИИ – не интеллект; борьба человека за собственное выживаниеArtificial Intelligence and the cyber utopianism of justice. Why AI is not intelligence and man’s struggle to survive himselfhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9531-0591Ди СальвоМ.Di SalvoM.

Микель Ди Сальво, доктор права

г. Неаполь

Michele Di Salvo, Doctor in Law

Naples

Mik.disalvo@gmail.comНеаполитанский университет имени Федерико II; CrossMediaLabsИталияUniversità Federico II di Napoli; CrossMediaLabsItaly202419032024181264279Copyright © Ди Сальво М., 20242024Ди Сальво М.Di Salvo M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2524

Цель: рассмотрение онтологических различий между человеческим и искусственным интеллектом и структурных расхождений на уровне дефиниций.Методы: диалектический подход к познанию социальных явлений, позволяющий анализировать их в историческом развитии и функционировании в контексте совокупности объективных и субъективных факторов, что предопределило следующие методы исследования: формально-логический и социологический.Результаты: феномен ИИ подвергнут всестороннему анализу в контексте киберутопизма и киберреализма, начиная от основателей теории искусственного интеллекта (Тьюринга, Минского, Бернштейна, фон Неймана) и заканчивая недавними работами Макса Тегмарка. Показано, что открытия и гипотезы нейробиологии не позволяют определить ИИ в качестве интеллекта по человеческим критериям. В приложение включены три короткие заметки, подводящие итог обсуждению: 1. О сознании машин. 2. О теории утопической кибернетической занятости и системы вознаграждения. 3. Обсуждение израильского исследования «Голодный судья судит строже».Научная новизна: на основе теорий множественного интеллекта (Гарднер) и социального интеллекта (Торндайк, Гоулман) автор предлагает определение интеллекта как более сложной системы, чем та, которая может быть воспроизведена искусственными нейронными сетями, особенно в отношении взаимодействия животного и окружающей среды. Короткие заметки в приложении показывают неопределенность и риски, которые могут возникнуть в связи с широким использованием искусственного интеллекта в роли судей.Практическая значимость: через корректное определение человеческого интеллекта автор приходит к определению искусственного интеллекта. За мифом об искусственном интеллекте обнаруживаются его пределы и объективные ограничения, которые необходимо предусмотреть, чтобы спасти самое ценное, что есть у человечества, – его человеческую сущность.

Objective: to show the ontological differences between human and artificial intelligence and address structural divergences at the definitional level.Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors, which predetermined the following research methods: formal-logical and sociological.Results: a cross-cutting analysis was applied to the phenomenon of AI between cyber utopianism and cyber realism. Starting from a quote by Max Tegmark, the theory of artificial intelligence is reconstructed by the theorists who founded the discipline (Turing, Minsky, Bernstein, von Neumann) and it is discussed why – in light of the discoveries and assumptions of neuroscience – it is not possible to define it as intelligence according to human criteria. Three short notes are included in the appendix that complete the discussion: 1. on the consciousness of machines 2. on the theory of utopian cyber employment and remuneration 3. “The hungry judge is more cruel” (discussion on an Israeli study).Scientific novelty: through the examination of multiple types of intelligence (Gardner) and social intelligence (Thorndike, Goleman), a more complex definition of intelligence is proposed than that which can be replicated by artificial neural networks, especially in relation to the interaction between animal and environment. Three short messages highlight the uncertainty and risks that may arise from the rampant use of artificial intelligence as judges.Practical significance: starting from a correct definition of human intelligence, the author comes to the definition of artificial intelligence. Beyond the myth of AI, we discover its limits and the objective limitations we must provide for in order to save the most precious asset we have: mankind.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.