rusjelRussian Journal of Economics and LawRussian Journal of Economics and Law2782-2923"TCE "Taglimat"" Ltd.10.21202/2782-2923.2025.1.202-233rusjel-2627Research ArticleМЕЖДИСЦИПЛИНАРНЫЕ СТАТЬИINTERDISCIPLINARY ARTICLESЗащита нейроправ в эпоху нейротехнологий и искусственного интеллекта. Этические проблемы права и нейробиологииThe protection of neural rights in the age of neurotechnologies and AI. the ethical challenge for law and neurosciencehttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9531-0591Ди СальвоМ.Di SalvoM.

Микель Ди Сальво, доктор права, CrossMediaLabs; член Нейробиологического общества; Федерации нейробиологических обществ Европы; Международного общества нейропсихоанализа; Общества когнитивной нейробиологии

г. Неаполь

Michele Di Salvo, Doctor in Law, CrossMediaLabs; мember of Society for Neuroscience; of Federation of European Neuroscience Societies; of The International Neuropsychoanalysis Society; of Cognitive Neuroscience Society

Naples

 

Mik.disalvo@gmai.comCrossMediaLabsИталияCrossMediaLabsItaly202514032025191202233Copyright © Ди Сальво М., 20252025Ди Сальво М.Di Salvo M.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2627Цель

Цель: обобщение нейробиологических знаний и опыта о нейротехнологиях и нейропсихологических, правовых, этических и социальных последствиях их применения; указание возможных предпосылок для критического обсуждения проблемы правового регулирования.

Методы

Методы: общенаучные, абстрактно-логический, диалектический, феноменологический методы, наблюдение, описание, сравнительный анализ.

Результаты

Результаты: сравнительный анализ показывает, что в использовании новых нейротехнологий нет достаточной ясности и прозрачности. Более того, они изучаются лишь поверхностно и используются в отсутствие четкой документации для конечного пользователя. Это очевидно, например, из недавнего постановления Конституционного суда Чили. В то же время иногда прилагаются чрезмерные и необоснованные усилия по введению новых нормативных актов для создания «новых прав». Это часто является следствием недостаточных знаний со стороны законодателя, а также чрезмерной активности в сфере регулирования. Стоит отметить, что современное общество увлечено перспективами, открываемыми нейротехнологиями. Истории успеха, активно транслируемые в коммерческих целях, формируют у населения завышенные ожидания, порождая так называемую нейроочарованность и способствуя распространению «нейромифов». Эта тенденция усугубляется недостаточной информированностью о неудачах и ограничениях, сопутствующих развитию нейротехнологий, что создает искаженное представление о реальном положении дел. Преодоление этих феноменов требует активных просветительских усилий совместно с механизмами правового регулирования, в частности, законодательством о защите прав потребителей, нормами безопасности продукции и антимонопольного законодательства.

Научная новизна

Научная новизна: исследования правового регулирования нейротехнологий, а также исследования нейронных прав с точки зрения права, этики и социологии крайне редки. Статья имеет научную ценность как дискуссионный фундамент для будущих исследований.

Практическая значимость

Практическая значимость: на основе корректного определения и применения нейротехнологий и новейших нейробиологических подходов, а также анализа недавних дебатов о необходимости регулирования и введения «новых прав» мы приходим к выводу, что нейронные права уже получили четкое определение. Однако их практическое применение требует выработки и строгого соблюдения надежных мер защиты в сфере новых технологий.

Objective

Objective: to summarize neuroscientific knowledge and experience about neurotechnologies and the neuropsychological, legal, ethical and social consequences of their use; to indicate possible prerequisites for a critical discussion of the legal regulation issues.

Methods

Methods: general scientific, abstract-logical, dialectical, phenomenological methods, observation, description, comparative analysis.

Results

Results: a comparative analysis shows that the use of new neurotechnologies lacks clarity and transparency. Moreover, they are studied only superficially and are used without clear documentation for the end user. This is evident, for example, from the recent ruling of the Constitutional Court of Chile. At the same time, excessive and unreasonable efforts are sometimes made to introduce new regulations to create “new rights”. This is often the result of insufficient knowledge of the legislator, as well as excessive activity in regulation. It is worth noting that modern society is passionate about the prospects offered by neurotechnology. Success stories, actively broadcast for commercial purposes, create inflated expectations among the population, giving rise to so-called neuro-charm and contributing to the spread of “neuromythes”. This trend is compounded by a lack of knowledge about the failures and limitations associated with the development of neurotechnology, which creates a distorted view of the real situation. Overcoming these phenomena requires active educational efforts in conjunction with legal regulation mechanisms, in particular, legislation on consumer protection, product safety standards, and antimonopoly legislation.

Scientific novelty

Scientific novelty: studies of the legal regulation of neurotechnology, as well as studies of neural rights from the perspective of law, ethics and sociology are extremely rare. The article has scientific value as a debatable foundation for future research.

Practical significance

Practical significance: based on the correct definition and application of neurotechnologies and the latest neuro neuroscientific approaches, as well as on the analysis of recent debates about the need to regulate and introduce “new rights”, we conclude that neural rights are already clearly defined. However, their practical application requires the development and strict observance of reliable protection measures in the field of new technologies.

нейробиологияискусственный интеллектнейротехнологиинейроправаneuroscienceartificial intelligenceneurotechnologiesneurorightsReferencesAbdulkader, S. N., Atia, A., & Mostafa, M.-S. M. (2015). Brain computer interfacing: Applications and challenges. Egyptian Informatics Journal, 16(2), 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eij.2015.06.002Abdulkader, S. N., Atia, A., & Mostafa, M.-S. M. (2015). Brain computer interfacing: Applications and challenges. Egyptian Informatics Journal, 16(2), 213–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eij.2015.06.002Adams, V., Murphy, M., & Clarke, A. E. (2009). Anticipation: Technoscience, life, affect, temporality. Subjectivity, 28(1), 246–265. https://doi.org/10.1057/sub.2009.18Adams, V., Murphy, M., & Clarke, A. E. (2009). Anticipation: Technoscience, life, affect, temporality. Subjectivity, 28(1), 246–265. https://doi.org/10.1057/sub.2009.18Ajunwa, I., Crawford, K., & Schultz, J. (2017). Limitless Worker Surveillance. California Law Review, 105(3), 735–776. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38BR8MF94Ajunwa, I., Crawford, K., & Schultz, J. (2017). Limitless Worker Surveillance. California Law Review, 105(3), 735–776. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38BR8MF94Ali, S. S., Lifshitz, M., & Raz, A. (2014). Empirical neuroenchantment: From reading minds to thinking critically. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00357Ali, S. S., Lifshitz, M., & Raz, A. (2014). Empirical neuroenchantment: From reading minds to thinking critically. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00357Almeida, M., & Diogo, R. (2019). Human enhancement: Genetic engineering and evolution. Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health, 2019(1), 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoz026Almeida, M., & Diogo, R. (2019). Human enhancement: Genetic engineering and evolution. Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health, 2019(1), 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoz026Alomar, S., King, N. K. K., Tam, J., Bari, A. A., Hamani, C., & Lozano, A. M. (2017). Speech and language adverse effects after thalamotomy and deep brain stimulation in patients with movement disorders: A meta-analysis. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 32(1), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26924Alomar, S., King, N. K. K., Tam, J., Bari, A. A., Hamani, C., & Lozano, A. M. (2017). Speech and language adverse effects after thalamotomy and deep brain stimulation in patients with movement disorders: A meta-analysis. Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 32(1), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26924Angrisani, L., Arpaia, P., & Casinelli, D. (2017). Instrumentation and measurements for non-invasive EEG-based brain-computer interface. In 2017 IEEE International Workshop on Measurement and Networking (M&N) (pp. 1–5). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IWMN.2017.8078383Angrisani, L., Arpaia, P., & Casinelli, D. (2017). Instrumentation and measurements for non-invasive EEG-based brain-computer interface. In 2017 IEEE International Workshop on Measurement and Networking (M&N) (pp. 1–5). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IWMN.2017.8078383Antal, A., Luber, B., Brem, A.-K., Bikson, M., Brunoni, A. R., Cohen Kadosh, R., Dubljević, V., Fecteau, S., Ferreri, F., Flöel, A., Hallett, M., Hamilton, R. H., Herrmann, C. S., Lavidor, M., Loo, C., Lustenberger, C., Machado, S., Miniussi, C., Moliadze, V., … Paulus, W. (2022). Non-invasive brain stimulation and neuroenhancement. Clinical Neurophysiology Practice, 7, 146–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnp.2022.05.002Antal, A., Luber, B., Brem, A.-K., Bikson, M., Brunoni, A. R., Cohen Kadosh, R., Dubljević, V., Fecteau, S., Ferreri, F., Flöel, A., Hallett, M., Hamilton, R. H., Herrmann, C. S., Lavidor, M., Loo, C., Lustenberger, C., Machado, S., Miniussi, C., Moliadze, V., … Paulus, W. (2022). Non-invasive brain stimulation and neuroenhancement. Clinical Neurophysiology Practice, 7, 146–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnp.2022.05.002Bareis, J., & Katzenbach, C. (2022). Talking AI into Being: The Narratives and Imaginaries of National AI Strategies and Their Performative Politics. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 47(5), 855–881. https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439211030007Bareis, J., & Katzenbach, C. (2022). Talking AI into Being: The Narratives and Imaginaries of National AI Strategies and Their Performative Politics. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 47(5), 855–881. https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439211030007Baylis, F. (2013). “I Am Who I Am”: On the Perceived Threats to Personal Identity from Deep Brain Stimulation. Neuroethics, 6(3), 513–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-011-9137-1Baylis, F. (2013). “I Am Who I Am”: On the Perceived Threats to Personal Identity from Deep Brain Stimulation. Neuroethics, 6(3), 513–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-011-9137-1Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2019). Principles of biomedical ethics (8th ed.). Oxford University Press.Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2019). Principles of biomedical ethics (8th ed.). Oxford University Press.Beckett, A. E., & Campbell, T. (2015). The social model of disability as an oppositional device. Disability & Society, 30(2), 270–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2014.999912Beckett, A. E., & Campbell, T. (2015). The social model of disability as an oppositional device. Disability & Society, 30(2), 270–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2014.999912Bernal, S. L., Celdrán, A. H., Pérez, G. M., Barros, M. T., & Balasubramaniam, S. (2022). Security in Brain-Computer Interfaces: State-of-the-art, opportunities, and future challenges. ACM Computing Surveys, 54(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3427376Bernal, S. L., Celdrán, A. H., Pérez, G. M., Barros, M. T., & Balasubramaniam, S. (2022). Security in Brain-Computer Interfaces: State-of-the-art, opportunities, and future challenges. ACM Computing Surveys, 54(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3427376Bielefeldt, H. (2023). Freiheit als Anspruch: Eine menschenrechtliche Perspektive. In N. J. Saam & H. Bielefeldt (Eds.), Sozialtheorie. Die Idee der Freiheit und ihre Semantiken: Zum Spannungsverhältnis von Freiheit und Sicherheit (pp. 187–196). (In German). https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839461884-017Bielefeldt, H. (2023). Freiheit als Anspruch: Eine menschenrechtliche Perspektive. In N. J. Saam & H. Bielefeldt (Eds.), Sozialtheorie. Die Idee der Freiheit und ihre Semantiken: Zum Spannungsverhältnis von Freiheit und Sicherheit (pp. 187–196). (In German). https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839461884-017Cagnan, H., Denison, T., McIntyre, C., & Brown, P. (2019). Emerging technologies for improved deep brain stimulation. Nature Biotechnology, 37(9), 1024–1033. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0244-6Cagnan, H., Denison, T., McIntyre, C., & Brown, P. (2019). Emerging technologies for improved deep brain stimulation. Nature Biotechnology, 37(9), 1024–1033. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0244-6Cinel, C., Valeriani, D., & Poli, R. (2019). Neurotechnologies for Human Cognitive Augmentation: Current State of the Art and Future Prospects. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00013Cinel, C., Valeriani, D., & Poli, R. (2019). Neurotechnologies for Human Cognitive Augmentation: Current State of the Art and Future Prospects. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00013Conitzer, V., Hadfield, G., & Vallor, S. (Eds.) (2019). Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society. ACM.Conitzer, V., Hadfield, G., & Vallor, S. (Eds.) (2019). Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society. ACM.Craig, J. N. (2016). Incarceration, Direct Brain Intervention, and the Right to Mental Integrity – a Reply to Thomas Douglas. Neuroethics, 9(2), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-016-9255-xCraig, J. N. (2016). Incarceration, Direct Brain Intervention, and the Right to Mental Integrity – a Reply to Thomas Douglas. Neuroethics, 9(2), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-016-9255-xDrew, L. (2024). Elon Musk's Neuralink brain chip: What scientists think of first human trial. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-00304-4Drew, L. (2024). Elon Musk's Neuralink brain chip: What scientists think of first human trial. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-00304-4Ehlen, F., Schoenecker, T., Kühn, A. A., & Klostermann, F. (2014). Differential effects of deep brain stimulation on verbal fluency. Brain and Language, 134, 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2014.04.002Ehlen, F., Schoenecker, T., Kühn, A. A., & Klostermann, F. (2014). Differential effects of deep brain stimulation on verbal fluency. Brain and Language, 134, 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2014.04.002Eubanks, V. (2018). Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press.Eubanks, V. (2018). Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor (1st ed.). St. Martin's Press.Fenner, D. (2019). Selbstoptimierung und Enhancement: Ein ethischer Grundriss. UTB Philosophie: Vol. 5127. Narr Francke Attempto Verlag.Fenner, D. (2019). Selbstoptimierung und Enhancement: Ein ethischer Grundriss. UTB Philosophie: Vol. 5127. Narr Francke Attempto Verlag.Floridi, L. (2023). The ethics of artificial intelligence: Principles, challenges, and opportunities. Oxford University Press.Floridi, L. (2023). The ethics of artificial intelligence: Principles, challenges, and opportunities. Oxford University Press.Funke, A. (2023). Freiheit als konstitutives Prinzip der Rechtsordnung. In N. J. Saam, & H. Bielefeldt (Eds.), Sozialtheorie. Die Idee der Freiheit und ihre Semantiken: Zum Spannungsverhältnis von Freiheit und Sicherheit (pp. 169–176). transcript. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839461884-015Funke, A. (2023). Freiheit als konstitutives Prinzip der Rechtsordnung. In N. J. Saam, & H. Bielefeldt (Eds.), Sozialtheorie. Die Idee der Freiheit und ihre Semantiken: Zum Spannungsverhältnis von Freiheit und Sicherheit (pp. 169–176). transcript. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839461884-015Ganzer, P. D., Colachis, S. C., Schwemmer, M. A., Friedenberg, D. A., Dunlap, C. F., Swiftney, C. E., Jacobowitz, A. F., Weber, D. J., Bockbrader, M. A., & Sharma, G. (2020). Restoring the Sense of Touch Using a Sensorimotor Demultiplexing Neural Interface. Cell, 181(4), 763–773.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.054Ganzer, P. D., Colachis, S. C., Schwemmer, M. A., Friedenberg, D. A., Dunlap, C. F., Swiftney, C. E., Jacobowitz, A. F., Weber, D. J., Bockbrader, M. A., & Sharma, G. (2020). Restoring the Sense of Touch Using a Sensorimotor Demultiplexing Neural Interface. Cell, 181(4), 763–773.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.054Gardner, H. (1987) The Mind’s New Science. New York: Basic Books.Gardner, H. (1987) The Mind’s New Science. New York: Basic Books.Genser, J., Damianos, S., & Yuste, R. (2024). Safeguarding Brain Data: Assessing the Privacy Practices of Consumer Neurotechnology Companies. https://www.perseus-strategies.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/FINAL_Consumer_Neurotechnology_Report_Neurorights_Foundation_April-1.pdfGenser, J., Damianos, S., & Yuste, R. (2024). Safeguarding Brain Data: Assessing the Privacy Practices of Consumer Neurotechnology Companies. https://www.perseus-strategies.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/FINAL_Consumer_Neurotechnology_Report_Neurorights_Foundation_April-1.pdfGiattino, C. M., Kwong, L., Rafetto, C., & Farahany, N. A. (2019). The Seductive Allure of Artificial Intelligence-Powered Neurotechnology. In V. Conitzer, G. Hadfield, & S. Vallor (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society (pp. 397–402). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3306618.3314269Giattino, C. M., Kwong, L., Rafetto, C., & Farahany, N. A. (2019). The Seductive Allure of Artificial Intelligence-Powered Neurotechnology. In V. Conitzer, G. Hadfield, & S. Vallor (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2019 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society (pp. 397–402). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3306618.3314269Gilbert, F., Cook, M., O'Brien, T., & Illes, J. (2019). Embodiment and Estrangement: Results from a First-in- Human "Intelligent BCI" Trial. Science and Engineering Ethics, 25(1), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-0001-5Gilbert, F., Cook, M., O'Brien, T., & Illes, J. (2019). Embodiment and Estrangement: Results from a First-in- Human "Intelligent BCI" Trial. Science and Engineering Ethics, 25(1), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-0001-5Gilbert, F., Goddard, E., Viaña, J. N. M., Carter, A., & Horne, M. (2017). I Miss Being Me: Phenomenological Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation. AJOB Neuroscience, 8(2), 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2017.1320319Gilbert, F., Goddard, E., Viaña, J. N. M., Carter, A., & Horne, M. (2017). I Miss Being Me: Phenomenological Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation. AJOB Neuroscience, 8(2), 96–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2017.1320319Goering, S. (2015). Rethinking disability: The social model of disability and chronic disease. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine, 8(2), 134–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-015-9273-zGoering, S. (2015). Rethinking disability: The social model of disability and chronic disease. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine, 8(2), 134–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-015-9273-zGoering, S., Klein, E., Specker Sullivan, L., Wexler, A., Agüera Y Arcas, B., Bi, G., Carmena, J. M., Fins, J. J., Friesen, P., Gallant, J., Huggins, J. E., Kellmeyer, P., Marblestone, A., Mitchell, C., Parens, E., Pham, M., Rubel, A., Sadato, N., Teicher, M., … Yuste, R. (2021). Recommendations for Responsible Development and Application of Neurotechnologies. Neuroethics, 14(3), 365–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-021-09468-6Goering, S., Klein, E., Specker Sullivan, L., Wexler, A., Agüera Y Arcas, B., Bi, G., Carmena, J. M., Fins, J. J., Friesen, P., Gallant, J., Huggins, J. E., Kellmeyer, P., Marblestone, A., Mitchell, C., Parens, E., Pham, M., Rubel, A., Sadato, N., Teicher, M., … Yuste, R. (2021). Recommendations for Responsible Development and Application of Neurotechnologies. Neuroethics, 14(3), 365–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-021-09468-6Grunwald, A. (2019a). Digitalisierung als Prozess. Ethische Herausforderungen inmitten allmählicher Verschiebungen zwischen Mensch, Technik und Gesellschaft. Zeitschrift Für Wirtschafts- Und Unternehmensethik, 20(2), 121–145. (In German). https://doi.org/10.5771/1439-880X-2019-2-121Grunwald, A. (2019a). Digitalisierung als Prozess. Ethische Herausforderungen inmitten allmählicher Verschiebungen zwischen Mensch, Technik und Gesellschaft. Zeitschrift Für Wirtschafts- Und Unternehmensethik, 20(2), 121–145. (In German). https://doi.org/10.5771/1439-880X-2019-2-121Grunwald, A. (2019b). Der unterlegene Mensch: Die Zukunft der Menschheit im Angesicht von Algorithmen, künstlicher Intelligenz und Robotern (Originalausgabe, 1. Auflage). riva Premium. (In German).Grunwald, A. (2019b). Der unterlegene Mensch: Die Zukunft der Menschheit im Angesicht von Algorithmen, künstlicher Intelligenz und Robotern (Originalausgabe, 1. Auflage). riva Premium. (In German).Grunwald, A. (Ed.). (2021). Wer bist du, Mensch? Transformationen menschlicher Selbstverständnisse im wissenschaftlich-technischen Fortschritt. Herder. (In German).Grunwald, A. (Ed.). (2021). Wer bist du, Mensch? Transformationen menschlicher Selbstverständnisse im wissenschaftlich-technischen Fortschritt. Herder. (In German).Guy, V., Soriani, M.-H., Bruno, M., Papadopoulo, T., Desnuelle, C., & Clerc, M. (2018). Brain computer interface with the P300 speller: Usability for disabled people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 61(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2017.09.004Guy, V., Soriani, M.-H., Bruno, M., Papadopoulo, T., Desnuelle, C., & Clerc, M. (2018). Brain computer interface with the P300 speller: Usability for disabled people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 61(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2017.09.004Hallur, G. G., Prabhu, S., & Aslekar, A. (2021). Entertainment in Era of AI, Big Data & IoT. In S. Das & S. Gochhait (Eds.), Digital Entertainment: The Next Evolution in Service Sector (pp. 87–109). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9724-4_5Hallur, G. G., Prabhu, S., & Aslekar, A. (2021). Entertainment in Era of AI, Big Data & IoT. In S. Das & S. Gochhait (Eds.), Digital Entertainment: The Next Evolution in Service Sector (pp. 87–109). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9724-4_5Heimbach-Steins, M. (2022). Sozialprinzipien. In M. Heimbach-Steins, M. Becka, J. J. Frühbauer, & G. Kruip (Eds.), Christliche Sozialethik: Grundlagen, Kontexte, Themen: ein Lehr- und Studienbuch (pp. 170–186). Verlag Friedrich Pustet.Heimbach-Steins, M. (2022). Sozialprinzipien. In M. Heimbach-Steins, M. Becka, J. J. Frühbauer, & G. Kruip (Eds.), Christliche Sozialethik: Grundlagen, Kontexte, Themen: ein Lehr- und Studienbuch (pp. 170–186). Verlag Friedrich Pustet.Hull, G., & Pasquale, F. (2018). Toward a critical theory of corporate wellness. BioSocieties, 13(1), 190–212. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41292-017-0064-1Hull, G., & Pasquale, F. (2018). Toward a critical theory of corporate wellness. BioSocieties, 13(1), 190–212. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41292-017-0064-1Iamsakul, K., Pavlovcik, A. V., Calderon, J. I., & Sanderson, L. M. (2017). Project HEAVEN: Preoperative Training in Virtual Reality. Surgical Neurology International, 8, 59. https://doi.org/10.4103/sni.sni_371_16Iamsakul, K., Pavlovcik, A. V., Calderon, J. I., & Sanderson, L. M. (2017). Project HEAVEN: Preoperative Training in Virtual Reality. Surgical Neurology International, 8, 59. https://doi.org/10.4103/sni.sni_371_16Ienca, M. (2021). Common Human Rights Challenges raised by different Applications of Neurotechnologies in the Biomedical Field. Commitee on Bioethics of the Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/report-final-en/1680a429f3Ienca, M. (2021). Common Human Rights Challenges raised by different Applications of Neurotechnologies in the Biomedical Field. Commitee on Bioethics of the Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/report-final-en/1680a429f3Ienca, M., & Andorno, R. (2017). Towards new human rights in the age of neuroscience and neurotechnology. Life Sciences, Society and Policy, 13(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40504-017-0050-1Ienca, M., & Andorno, R. (2017). Towards new human rights in the age of neuroscience and neurotechnology. Life Sciences, Society and Policy, 13(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40504-017-0050-1Ienca, M., Fins, J. J., Jox, R. J., Jotterand, F., Voeneky, S., Andorno, R., Ball, T., Castelluccia, C., Chavarriaga, R., Chneiweiss, H., Ferretti, A., Friedrich, O., Hurst, S., Merkel, G., Molnár-Gábor, F., Rickli, J.-M., Scheibner, J., Vayena, E., Yuste, R., & Kellmeyer, P. (2022). Towards a Governance Framework for Brain Data. Neuroethics, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-022-09498-8Ienca, M., Fins, J. J., Jox, R. J., Jotterand, F., Voeneky, S., Andorno, R., Ball, T., Castelluccia, C., Chavarriaga, R., Chneiweiss, H., Ferretti, A., Friedrich, O., Hurst, S., Merkel, G., Molnár-Gábor, F., Rickli, J.-M., Scheibner, J., Vayena, E., Yuste, R., & Kellmeyer, P. (2022). Towards a Governance Framework for Brain Data. Neuroethics, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-022-09498-8Iuculano, T., & Kadosh, R. C. (2013). The mental cost of cognitive enhancement. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 33(10), 4482–4486. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4927-12.2013Iuculano, T., & Kadosh, R. C. (2013). The mental cost of cognitive enhancement. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 33(10), 4482–4486. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4927-12.2013Jarke, J., & Breiter, A. (2019). Editorial: the datafication of education. Learning, Media and Technology, 44(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2019.1573833Jarke, J., & Breiter, A. (2019). Editorial: the datafication of education. Learning, Media and Technology, 44(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2019.1573833Jasanoff, S., & Kim, S. (Eds.). (2015). Dreamscapes of modernity: Sociotechnical imaginaries and the fabrication of power. London: University of Chicago Press. http://www.degruyter.com/isbn/9780226276663Jasanoff, S., & Kim, S. (Eds.). (2015). Dreamscapes of modernity: Sociotechnical imaginaries and the fabrication of power. London: University of Chicago Press. http://www.degruyter.com/isbn/9780226276663Jiang, L., Stocco, A., Losey, D. M., Abernethy, J. A., Prat, C. S., & Rao, R. P. N. (2019). BrainNet: A Multi-Person Brain-to-Brain Interface for Direct Collaboration Between Brains. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 6115. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41895-7Jiang, L., Stocco, A., Losey, D. M., Abernethy, J. A., Prat, C. S., & Rao, R. P. N. (2019). BrainNet: A Multi-Person Brain-to-Brain Interface for Direct Collaboration Between Brains. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 6115. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41895-7Kirchschläger, P. G. (2019). Menschenrechte, Demokratie und Religionen. LIMINA – Grazer Theologische Perspektiven, 2(1), 17–39. https://doi.org/10.25364/17.2:2019.1.2Kirchschläger, P. G. (2019). Menschenrechte, Demokratie und Religionen. LIMINA – Grazer Theologische Perspektiven, 2(1), 17–39. https://doi.org/10.25364/17.2:2019.1.2Kirchschläger, P. G. (2022). Ethische KI? Datenbasierte Systeme (DS) mit Ethik. HMD Praxis Der Wirtschaftsinformatik, 59(2), 482–494. https://doi.org/10.1365/s40702-022-00843-2Kirchschläger, P. G. (2022). Ethische KI? Datenbasierte Systeme (DS) mit Ethik. HMD Praxis Der Wirtschaftsinformatik, 59(2), 482–494. https://doi.org/10.1365/s40702-022-00843-2Kober, S. E., Schweiger, D., Witte, M., Reichert, J. L., Grieshofer, P., Neuper, C., & Wood, G. (2015). Specific effects of EEG based neurofeedback training on memory functions in post-stroke victims. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 12, 107. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-015-0105-6Kober, S. E., Schweiger, D., Witte, M., Reichert, J. L., Grieshofer, P., Neuper, C., & Wood, G. (2015). Specific effects of EEG based neurofeedback training on memory functions in post-stroke victims. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 12, 107. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-015-0105-6Koska, C., & Filipović, A. (2017). Gestaltungsfragen der Digitalität: Zu den sozialethischen Herausforderungen von künstlicher Intelligenz, Big Data und Virtualität. In R. Bergold, J. Sautermeister, & A. Schröder (Eds.), Dem Wandel eine menschliche Gestalt geben: Sozialethische Perspektiven für die Gesellschaft von morgen: Festschrift zur Neueröffnung und zum 70-jährigen Bestehen des Katholisch-Sozialen Instituts (pp. 173–191). Verlag Herder. (In German).Koska, C., & Filipović, A. (2017). Gestaltungsfragen der Digitalität: Zu den sozialethischen Herausforderungen von künstlicher Intelligenz, Big Data und Virtualität. In R. Bergold, J. Sautermeister, & A. Schröder (Eds.), Dem Wandel eine menschliche Gestalt geben: Sozialethische Perspektiven für die Gesellschaft von morgen: Festschrift zur Neueröffnung und zum 70-jährigen Bestehen des Katholisch-Sozialen Instituts (pp. 173–191). Verlag Herder. (In German).Lavazza, A., & Giorgi, R. (2023). Philosophical foundation of the right to mental integrity in the age of neurotechnologies. Neuroethics, 16(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-023-09517-2Lavazza, A., & Giorgi, R. (2023). Philosophical foundation of the right to mental integrity in the age of neurotechnologies. Neuroethics, 16(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-023-09517-2Legaspi, R., Xu, W., Konishi, T., Wada, S., Kobayashi, N., Naruse, Y., & Ishikawa, Y. (2024). The sense of agency in human – AI interactions. Knowledge-Based Systems, 286, 111298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2023.111298Legaspi, R., Xu, W., Konishi, T., Wada, S., Kobayashi, N., Naruse, Y., & Ishikawa, Y. (2024). The sense of agency in human – AI interactions. Knowledge-Based Systems, 286, 111298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2023.111298Li, Q., Ding, D., & Conti, M. (2015). Brain-Computer Interface applications: Security and privacy challenges. In 2015 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS) (pp. 663–666). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CNS.2015.7346884Li, Q., Ding, D., & Conti, M. (2015). Brain-Computer Interface applications: Security and privacy challenges. In 2015 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS) (pp. 663–666). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CNS.2015.7346884Ligthart, S., Bublitz, C., Douglas, T., Forsberg, L., & Meynen, G. (2022). Rethinking the Right to Freedom of Thought: A Multidisciplinary Analysis. Human Rights Law Review, 22(4), Article ngac028, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngac028Ligthart, S., Bublitz, C., Douglas, T., Forsberg, L., & Meynen, G. (2022). Rethinking the Right to Freedom of Thought: A Multidisciplinary Analysis. Human Rights Law Review, 22(4), Article ngac028, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngac028Littlefield, M. M. (2018). Instrumental Intimacy: EEG Wearables and Neuroscientific Control. John Hopkins University Press.Littlefield, M. M. (2018). Instrumental Intimacy: EEG Wearables and Neuroscientific Control. John Hopkins University Press.Lozano, A. M., Lipsman, N., Bergman, H., Brown, P., Chabardes, S., Chang, J. W., Matthews, K., McIntyre, C. C., Schlaepfer, T. E., Schulder, M., Temel, Y., Volkmann, J., & Krauss, J. K. (2019). Deep brain stimulation: Current challenges and future directions. Nature Reviews. Neurology, 15(3), 148–160. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-018-0128-2Lozano, A. M., Lipsman, N., Bergman, H., Brown, P., Chabardes, S., Chang, J. W., Matthews, K., McIntyre, C. C., Schlaepfer, T. E., Schulder, M., Temel, Y., Volkmann, J., & Krauss, J. K. (2019). Deep brain stimulation: Current challenges and future directions. Nature Reviews. Neurology, 15(3), 148–160. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-018-0128-2Macgilchrist, F., Allert, H., Cerratto Pargman, T., & Jarke, J. (2024). Designing Postdigital Futures: Which Designs? Whose Futures? Postdigital Science and Education, 6(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-022-00389-yMacgilchrist, F., Allert, H., Cerratto Pargman, T., & Jarke, J. (2024). Designing Postdigital Futures: Which Designs? Whose Futures? Postdigital Science and Education, 6(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-022-00389-yManahan-Vaughan, D. (Ed.). (2018). Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience: Volume 28. Handbook of In Vivo Neural Plasticity Techniques: A Sytstems Neuroscience Approach to the Neural Basis of Memory and Cognition. Elsevier.Manahan-Vaughan, D. (Ed.). (2018). Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience: Volume 28. Handbook of In Vivo Neural Plasticity Techniques: A Sytstems Neuroscience Approach to the Neural Basis of Memory and Cognition. Elsevier.Manokha, I. (2020). Covid-19: teleworking, surveillance and 24/7 work. Some reflexions on the expected growth of remote work after the pandemic. Political Anthropological Research on International Social Sciences (PARISS), 1(2), 273–287.Manokha, I. (2020). Covid-19: teleworking, surveillance and 24/7 work. Some reflexions on the expected growth of remote work after the pandemic. Political Anthropological Research on International Social Sciences (PARISS), 1(2), 273–287.Markosian, C., Taruvai, V. S., & Mammis, A. (2020). Neuromodulatory hacking: A review of the technology and security risks of spinal cord stimulation. Acta Neurochirurgica, 162(12), 3213–3219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-020-04592-3Markosian, C., Taruvai, V. S., & Mammis, A. (2020). Neuromodulatory hacking: A review of the technology and security risks of spinal cord stimulation. Acta Neurochirurgica, 162(12), 3213–3219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-020-04592-3Martínez-Martínez, A. M., Aguilar, O. M., & Acevedo-Triana, C. A. (2017). Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients with Parkinson's Disease and Performance in Evaluation Tests for Executive Brain Functions. Parkinson's Disease, 2017(1), 9641392. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9641392Martínez-Martínez, A. M., Aguilar, O. M., & Acevedo-Triana, C. A. (2017). Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients with Parkinson's Disease and Performance in Evaluation Tests for Executive Brain Functions. Parkinson's Disease, 2017(1), 9641392. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9641392Martinovic, I., Davies, D., Frank, M., Perito, D., Ros, T., & Song, D. (2012). On the feasibility of side-channel attacks with brain-computer interfaces. In 21st USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 12) (pp. 143–158). USENIX Association.Martinovic, I., Davies, D., Frank, M., Perito, D., Ros, T., & Song, D. (2012). On the feasibility of side-channel attacks with brain-computer interfaces. In 21st USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 12) (pp. 143–158). USENIX Association.Marzbani, H., Marateb, H. R., & Mansourian, M. (2016). Neurofeedback: A Comprehensive Review on System Design, Methodology and Clinical Applications. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 7(2), 143–158. https://doi.org/10.15412/J.BCN.03070208Marzbani, H., Marateb, H. R., & Mansourian, M. (2016). Neurofeedback: A Comprehensive Review on System Design, Methodology and Clinical Applications. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 7(2), 143–158. https://doi.org/10.15412/J.BCN.03070208Mathewson, K. E., Harrison, T. J. L., & Kizuk, S. A. D. (2017). High and dry? Comparing active dry EEG electrodes to active and passive wet electrodes. Psychophysiology, 54(1), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12536Mathewson, K. E., Harrison, T. J. L., & Kizuk, S. A. D. (2017). High and dry? Comparing active dry EEG electrodes to active and passive wet electrodes. Psychophysiology, 54(1), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12536Mihara, M., & Miyai, I. (2016). Review of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in neurorehabilitation. Neurophotonics, 3(3), 31414. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.NPh.3.3.031414Mihara, M., & Miyai, I. (2016). Review of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in neurorehabilitation. Neurophotonics, 3(3), 31414. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.NPh.3.3.031414Moradi, P., & Levy, K. (2020). The Future of Work in the Age of AI. In M. D. Dubber, F. Pasquale, S. Das, P. Moradi, & K. Levy (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of AI (pp. 269–288). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190067397.013.17Moradi, P., & Levy, K. (2020). The Future of Work in the Age of AI. In M. D. Dubber, F. Pasquale, S. Das, P. Moradi, & K. Levy (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of AI (pp. 269–288). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190067397.013.17Nagl-Docekal, H., & Zacharasiewicz, W. (Eds.). (2022). Artificial Intelligence and Human Enhancement. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110770216Nagl-Docekal, H., & Zacharasiewicz, W. (Eds.). (2022). Artificial Intelligence and Human Enhancement. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110770216Nam, C. S., Traylor, Z., Chen, M., Jiang, X., Feng, W., & Chhatbar, P. Y. (2021). Direct Communication Between Brains: A Systematic PRISMA Review of Brain-To-Brain Interface. Frontiers in Neurorobotics, 15, 656943. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2021.656943Nam, C. S., Traylor, Z., Chen, M., Jiang, X., Feng, W., & Chhatbar, P. Y. (2021). Direct Communication Between Brains: A Systematic PRISMA Review of Brain-To-Brain Interface. Frontiers in Neurorobotics, 15, 656943. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2021.656943Nickel, J. (2019). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Human Rights. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights-human/Nickel, J. (2019). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Human Rights. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights-human/Olson, J. A., Cyr, M., Artenie, D. Z., Strandberg, T., Hall, L., Tompkins, M. L., Raz, A., & Johansson, P. (2023). Emulating future neurotechnology using magic. Consciousness and Cognition, 107, 103450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2022.103450Olson, J. A., Cyr, M., Artenie, D. Z., Strandberg, T., Hall, L., Tompkins, M. L., Raz, A., & Johansson, P. (2023). Emulating future neurotechnology using magic. Consciousness and Cognition, 107, 103450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2022.103450Pycroft, L., Boccard, S. G., Owen, S. L. F., Stein, J. F., Fitzgerald, J. J., Green, A. L., & Aziz, T. Z. (2016). Brainjacking: Implant Security Issues in Invasive Neuromodulation. World Neurosurgery, 92, 454–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.05.010Pycroft, L., Boccard, S. G., Owen, S. L. F., Stein, J. F., Fitzgerald, J. J., Green, A. L., & Aziz, T. Z. (2016). Brainjacking: Implant Security Issues in Invasive Neuromodulation. World Neurosurgery, 92, 454–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2016.05.010Rahm, L. (2023a). Education, automation and AI: a genealogy of alternative futures. Learning, Media and Technology, 48(1), 6–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2021.1977948Rahm, L. (2023a). Education, automation and AI: a genealogy of alternative futures. Learning, Media and Technology, 48(1), 6–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2021.1977948Rahm, L. (2023b). Educational imaginaries: governance at the intersection of technology and education. Journal of Education Policy, 38(1), 46–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2021.1970233Rahm, L. (2023b). Educational imaginaries: governance at the intersection of technology and education. Journal of Education Policy, 38(1), 46–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2021.1970233Rao, R. P. N., Stocco, A., Bryan, M., Sarma, D., Youngquist, T. M., Wu, J., & Prat, C. S. (2014). A direct brain-to-brain interface in humans. PloS One, 9(11), e111332. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111332Rao, R. P. N., Stocco, A., Bryan, M., Sarma, D., Youngquist, T. M., Wu, J., & Prat, C. S. (2014). A direct brain-to-brain interface in humans. PloS One, 9(11), e111332. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111332Raspopovic, S. (2020). Advancing limb neural prostheses. Science, 370(6514), 290–291. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb1073Raspopovic, S. (2020). Advancing limb neural prostheses. Science, 370(6514), 290–291. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb1073Ros, T., Enriquez-Geppert, S., Zotev, V., Young, K. D., Wood, G., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Wan, F., Vuilleumier, P., Vialatte, F., van de Ville, D., Todder, D., Surmeli, T., Sulzer, J. S., Strehl, U., Sterman, M. B., Steiner, N. J., Sorger, B., Soekadar, S. R., Sitaram, R., … Thibault, R. T. (2020). Consensus on the reporting and experimental design of clinical and cognitive-behavioural neurofeedback studies (CRED-nf checklist). Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 143(6), 1674–1685. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa009Ros, T., Enriquez-Geppert, S., Zotev, V., Young, K. D., Wood, G., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Wan, F., Vuilleumier, P., Vialatte, F., van de Ville, D., Todder, D., Surmeli, T., Sulzer, J. S., Strehl, U., Sterman, M. B., Steiner, N. J., Sorger, B., Soekadar, S. R., Sitaram, R., … Thibault, R. T. (2020). Consensus on the reporting and experimental design of clinical and cognitive-behavioural neurofeedback studies (CRED-nf checklist). Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 143(6), 1674–1685. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa009Rose, D., Buckwalter, W., & Nichols, S. (2017). Neuroscientific Prediction and the Intrusion of Intuitive Metaphysics. Cognitive Science, 41(2), 482–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12310Rose, D., Buckwalter, W., & Nichols, S. (2017). Neuroscientific Prediction and the Intrusion of Intuitive Metaphysics. Cognitive Science, 41(2), 482–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12310Schauer, F. (2020). Freedom of Thought? Social Philosophy and Policy, 37(2), 72–89. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052521000054Schauer, F. (2020). Freedom of Thought? Social Philosophy and Policy, 37(2), 72–89. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0265052521000054Schlosser, M. (2024). Agency. In E. N. Zalta, U. Nodelman, C. Allen, Kim Hannah, & P. Oppenheimer (Eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/agency/Schlosser, M. (2024). Agency. In E. N. Zalta, U. Nodelman, C. Allen, Kim Hannah, & P. Oppenheimer (Eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/agency/Schöne-Seifert, B. (2007). Grundlagen der Medizinethik. Alfred Kroner Verlag. http://gbv.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=4341681Schöne-Seifert, B. (2007). Grundlagen der Medizinethik. Alfred Kroner Verlag. http://gbv.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=4341681Selwyn, N. (2022). The future of AI and education: Some cautionary notes. European Journal of Education, 57(4), 620–631. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12532Selwyn, N. (2022). The future of AI and education: Some cautionary notes. European Journal of Education, 57(4), 620–631. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12532Shaheed, A. (2021, October 5). Freedom of thought: Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief (A/76/380). https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n21/274/90/pdf/n2127490.pdf?token=CeR9BnQALayfZJBp3f&fe=trueShaheed, A. (2021, October 5). Freedom of thought: Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief (A/76/380). https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n21/274/90/pdf/n2127490.pdf?token=CeR9BnQALayfZJBp3f&fe=trueSharon, T., & Gellert, R. (2023). Regulating Big Tech expansionism? Sphere transgressions and the limits of Europe's digital regulatory strategy. Information, Communication & Society, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2246526Sharon, T., & Gellert, R. (2023). Regulating Big Tech expansionism? Sphere transgressions and the limits of Europe's digital regulatory strategy. Information, Communication & Society, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2246526Shew, A. (2020). Ableism, Technoableism, and Future AI. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 39(1), 40–85. https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2020.2967492Shew, A. (2020). Ableism, Technoableism, and Future AI. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 39(1), 40–85. https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2020.2967492Spector, M., & Kitsuse, J. I. (2001). Constructing Social Problems. New Brunswick. Transactions Publisher.Spector, M., & Kitsuse, J. I. (2001). Constructing Social Problems. New Brunswick. Transactions Publisher.Sturm, W., Willmes, K., Orgass, B., & Hartje, W. (1997). Do Specific Attention Deficits Need Specific Training? Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 7(2), 81–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/713755526Sturm, W., Willmes, K., Orgass, B., & Hartje, W. (1997). Do Specific Attention Deficits Need Specific Training? Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 7(2), 81–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/713755526Suchman, L. (2023). The uncontroversial 'thingness' of AI. Big Data & Society, 10(2), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517231206794Suchman, L. (2023). The uncontroversial 'thingness' of AI. Big Data & Society, 10(2), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517231206794Suthana, N., & Fried, I. (2014). Deep brain stimulation for enhancement of learning and memory. NeuroImage, 85(3), 996–1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.066Suthana, N., & Fried, I. (2014). Deep brain stimulation for enhancement of learning and memory. NeuroImage, 85(3), 996–1002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.066Taylor, L., Martin, A., Souza, S. P. de, & Lopez-Solano, J. (2023). Why are sector transgressions so hard to govern? Reflections from Europe's pandemic experience. Information, Communication & Society, 27(15), 2721–2725. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2264919Taylor, L., Martin, A., Souza, S. P. de, & Lopez-Solano, J. (2023). Why are sector transgressions so hard to govern? Reflections from Europe's pandemic experience. Information, Communication & Society, 27(15), 2721–2725. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2023.2264919Tesink, V., Douglas, T., Forsberg, L., Ligthart, S., & Meynen, G. (2024). Right to mental integrity and neurotechnologies: Implications of the extended mind thesis. Journal of Medical Ethics, 50(10), 656–663. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2023-109645Tesink, V., Douglas, T., Forsberg, L., Ligthart, S., & Meynen, G. (2024). Right to mental integrity and neurotechnologies: Implications of the extended mind thesis. Journal of Medical Ethics, 50(10), 656–663. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme-2023-109645Thibault, R. T., & Raz, A. (2017). The psychology of neurofeedback: Clinical intervention even if applied placebo. The American Psychologist, 72(7), 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000118Thibault, R. T., & Raz, A. (2017). The psychology of neurofeedback: Clinical intervention even if applied placebo. The American Psychologist, 72(7), 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000118Tirabeni, L. (2023). Bounded Well-Being: Designing Technologies for Workers' Well-Being in Corporate Programmes. Work, Employment and Society, 38(6), 1506–1527. https://doi.org/10.1177/09500170231203113Tirabeni, L. (2023). Bounded Well-Being: Designing Technologies for Workers' Well-Being in Corporate Programmes. Work, Employment and Society, 38(6), 1506–1527. https://doi.org/10.1177/09500170231203113van Elk, M. (2019). Socio-cognitive biases are associated to belief in neuromyths and cognitive enhancement: A pre-registered study. Personality and Individual Differences, 147, 28–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.014van Elk, M. (2019). Socio-cognitive biases are associated to belief in neuromyths and cognitive enhancement: A pre-registered study. Personality and Individual Differences, 147, 28–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.014Vester, H.-G. (2009). Kompendium der Soziologie I: Grundbegriffe und II: Die Klassiker. Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag. (In German).Vester, H.-G. (2009). Kompendium der Soziologie I: Grundbegriffe und II: Die Klassiker. Wiesbaden: VS-Verlag. (In German).Vogt, M. (2009). Prinzip Nachhaltigkeit: Ein Entwurf aus theologisch-ethischer Perspektive. Zugl.: Luzern, Univ., Habil.-Schr. Hochschulschriften zur Nachhaltigkeit (Vol. 39). München: Oekom-Verl., Ges. für Ökologische Kommunikation. (In German).Vogt, M. (2009). Prinzip Nachhaltigkeit: Ein Entwurf aus theologisch-ethischer Perspektive. Zugl.: Luzern, Univ., Habil.-Schr. Hochschulschriften zur Nachhaltigkeit (Vol. 39). München: Oekom-Verl., Ges. für Ökologische Kommunikation. (In German).Warren, S., & Brandeis, L. (1890). The Right to Privacy. Harvard Law Review, 4(5), 193–220. https://doi.org/10.2307/1321160Warren, S., & Brandeis, L. (1890). The Right to Privacy. Harvard Law Review, 4(5), 193–220. https://doi.org/10.2307/1321160Wexler, A., & Thibault, R. (2019). Mind-Reading or Misleading? Assessing Direct-to-Consumer Electroencephalography (EEG) Devices Marketed for Wellness and Their Ethical and Regulatory Implications. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 3(1), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-018-0091-2Wexler, A., & Thibault, R. (2019). Mind-Reading or Misleading? Assessing Direct-to-Consumer Electroencephalography (EEG) Devices Marketed for Wellness and Their Ethical and Regulatory Implications. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 3(1), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-018-0091-2Whitham, E. M., Pope, K. J., Fitzgibbon, S. P., Lewis, T., Clark, C. R., Loveless, S., Broberg, M., Wallace, A., DeLosAngeles, D., Lillie, P., Hardy, A., Fronsko, R., Pulbrook, A., & Willoughby, J. O. (2007). Scalp electrical recording during paralysis: Quantitative evidence that EEG frequencies above 20 Hz are contaminated by EMG. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118(8), 1877–1888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.027Whitham, E. M., Pope, K. J., Fitzgibbon, S. P., Lewis, T., Clark, C. R., Loveless, S., Broberg, M., Wallace, A., DeLosAngeles, D., Lillie, P., Hardy, A., Fronsko, R., Pulbrook, A., & Willoughby, J. O. (2007). Scalp electrical recording during paralysis: Quantitative evidence that EEG frequencies above 20 Hz are contaminated by EMG. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118(8), 1877–1888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.027Willoweit, D. (2023). Die vielen Freiheiten, die eine Freiheit und das Recht. In N. J. Saam & H. Bielefeldt (Eds.), Sozialtheorie. Die Idee der Freiheit und ihre Semantiken: Zum Spannungsverhältnis von Freiheit und Sicherheit (pp. 161–167). https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839461884-014Willoweit, D. (2023). Die vielen Freiheiten, die eine Freiheit und das Recht. In N. J. Saam & H. Bielefeldt (Eds.), Sozialtheorie. Die Idee der Freiheit und ihre Semantiken: Zum Spannungsverhältnis von Freiheit und Sicherheit (pp. 161–167). https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839461884-014Wong, J. K., Mayberg, H. S., Wang, D. D., Richardson, R. M., Halpern, C. H., Krinke, L., Arlotti, M., Rossi, L., Priori, A., Marceglia, S., Gilron, R., Cavanagh, J. F., Judy, J. W., Miocinovic, S., Devergnas, A. D., Sillitoe, R. V., Cernera, S., Oehrn, C. R., Gunduz, A., … Okun, M. S. (2022). Proceedings of the 10th annual deep brain stimulation think tank: Advances in cutting edge technologies, artificial intelligence, neuromodulation, neuroethics, interventional psychiatry, and women in neuromodulation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 16, 1084782. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.1084782Wong, J. K., Mayberg, H. S., Wang, D. D., Richardson, R. M., Halpern, C. H., Krinke, L., Arlotti, M., Rossi, L., Priori, A., Marceglia, S., Gilron, R., Cavanagh, J. F., Judy, J. W., Miocinovic, S., Devergnas, A. D., Sillitoe, R. V., Cernera, S., Oehrn, C. R., Gunduz, A., … Okun, M. S. (2022). Proceedings of the 10th annual deep brain stimulation think tank: Advances in cutting edge technologies, artificial intelligence, neuromodulation, neuroethics, interventional psychiatry, and women in neuromodulation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 16, 1084782. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.1084782Wood, G., Willmes, K., Koten, J. W., & Kober, S. E. (2024). Fat tails and the need to disclose distribution parameters of qEEG databases. PloS One, 19(1), e0295411. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295411Wood, G., Willmes, K., Koten, J. W., & Kober, S. E. (2024). Fat tails and the need to disclose distribution parameters of qEEG databases. PloS One, 19(1), e0295411. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295411Yadav, D., Yadav, S., & Veer, K. (2020). A comprehensive assessment of Brain Computer Interfaces: Recent trends and challenges. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 346, 108918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108918Yadav, D., Yadav, S., & Veer, K. (2020). A comprehensive assessment of Brain Computer Interfaces: Recent trends and challenges. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 346, 108918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108918Yuste, R. (2023). Advocating for neurodata privacy and neurotechnology regulation. Nature Protocols, 18(10), 2869–2875. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-023-00873-0Yuste, R. (2023). Advocating for neurodata privacy and neurotechnology regulation. Nature Protocols, 18(10), 2869–2875. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-023-00873-0Zarzycki, M. Z., & Domitrz, I. (2020). Stimulation-induced side effects after deep brain stimulation – a systematic review. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 32(2), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2019.35Zarzycki, M. Z., & Domitrz, I. (2020). Stimulation-induced side effects after deep brain stimulation – a systematic review. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 32(2), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2019.35

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.