rusjelRussian Journal of Economics and LawRussian Journal of Economics and Law2782-2923"TCE "Taglimat"" Ltd.10.21202/2782-2923.2025.2.390-419rusjel-2638Research ArticleПЕРЕВОДНЫЕ СТАТЬИTRANSLATED ARTICLESРазличия в вынесении приговоров при уголовном преследовании за терроризм в США в 2001–2018 гг.Sentencing Disparities in US Terrorism Prosecutions, 2001–2018НоррисДж. Дж.NorrisJ. J.

Норрис Джесси Дж. - доктор философии, доцент кафедры уголовного правосудия.

Jesse J. Norris - PhD, is an Associate Professor of Criminal Justice, State University of New York at Fredonia.

norris@fredonia.eduГрол-ПрокопчикХ.Grol-ProkopczykH.

Грол-Прокопчик Ханна - доктор философии, доцент социологии.

Hanna Grol-Prokopczyk - PhD, associate professor of sociology, University at Buffalo.

Университет штата Нью-Йорк во ФредонииСоединённые Штаты АмерикиState University of New York at FredoniaUnited StatesУниверситет штата Нью-Йорк в БуффалоСоединённые Штаты АмерикиUniversity at BuffaloUnited States202507062025192390419Copyright © Норрис Д.Д., Грол-Прокопчик Х., 20252025Норрис Д.Д., Грол-Прокопчик Х.Norris J.J., Grol-Prokopczyk H.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/2638Цель

Цель: исследование общих и отличительных признаков при вынесении приговоров при уголовном преследовании за терроризм в США в 2001–2018 гг.

Методы

Методы: в статье используются всеобщий диалектический метод познания, а также общенаучные (анализ, синтез, индукция, дедукция) и частнонаучные методы исследования (формально-юридический).

Результаты

Результаты: расовые и иные факторы различий в приговорах за терроризм рассматривались в нескольких исследованиях. В отличие от них данная работа охватывает все виды терроризма, преступления разных уровней тяжести, рассмотренные как судами штатов, так и федеральными судами. Используя базу данных всех судебных дел о терроризме в США за период с 2001 по 2018 г. (n = 825), авторы выявили различия в приговорах в зависимости от расы и этнической принадлежности, пола, гражданства, вида терроризма и рассмотрения дела судом штата или федеральным судом.

Научная новизна

Научная новизна: результаты исследования приговоров при уголовном преследовании за терроризм в США в 2001–2018 гг. свидетельствуют о ряде различий: иностранные граждане и сторонники превосходства белой расы получают более длительные сроки заключения, а иностранные террористы, не связанные с джихадом, – более короткие. Авторы обнаружили лишь ограниченные доказательства расового неравенства, среди них – более длительные сроки для представителей меньшинств при определенных степенях тяжести преступлений. «Гипотеза освобождения», предсказывающая большее неравенство в отношении менее тяжких преступлений, в основном не подтвердилась. Факт возбуждения уголовного преследования в суде штата или в федеральном суде не оказывал существенного влияния на тяжесть приговора. Это свидетельствует о том, что судебное преследование террористов может достаточно эффективно осуществляться в судах штатов. Реальные сроки обвинений по судебным приговорам были снижены относительно первоначальных обвинений более значительно для обвиняемых в антиправительственных действиях, чем для обвиняемых в джихадизме.

Практическая значимость

Практическая значимость: основные положения и выводы статьи могут быть использованы в научной, педагогической и правоприменительной деятельности при рассмотрении вопросов, связанных с уголовной ответственностью за терроризм.

Objective

Objective: to research the common and distinctive features when sentencing in the prosecution of terrorism in the United States in 2001–2018.

Methods

Methods: the article uses general dialectical method of cognition, as well as general scientific (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and specific scientific (formal-legal) research methods.

Results

Results: Few studies have examined racial or other disparities in terrorism sentences. Unlike previous research, this study incorporates all types of terrorism, several severity levels, and both state and federal cases. Using a database including all US terrorism cases between 2001 and 2018 (n = 825), the authors test for sentencing disparities based on race/ethnicity, gender, citizenship, state/federal court, and type of terrorism.

Scientific novelty

Scientific novelty: The results show some evidence for disparities, with foreign nationals and White supremacists receiving longer sentences and foreign non-jihadi terrorists receiving shorter sentences. The research found limited evidence for racial disparities, including longer sentences for minority defendants within some severity levels. The “liberation hypothesis” predicting greater disparities for less-serious crimes was mainly unsupported. Whether prosecution occurred in state or federal court had little effect, suggesting that states are well equipped to prosecute terrorists. Compared to jiliadi defendants, anti-government defendants received larger “discounts” between initial allegations and charges of conviction, dramatically affecting sentence length.

Practical significance

Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to criminal liability for terrorism.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.