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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rusjel</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Russian Journal of Economics and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Economics and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-2923</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"TCE "Taglimat"" Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/1993-047X.15.2021.1.106-134</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">PKFOKQ</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rusjel-63</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПЕРЕВОДНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TRANSLATED ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Использование гибридного критерия ценных бумаг для борьбы с финансовыми пирамидами</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Using a Hybrid Securities Test to Tackle the Problem of Pyramid Fraud</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мэтьюз</surname><given-names>К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Matthews</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Школа права Фордемского университета<country>Соединённые Штаты Америки</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Fordham University School of Law<country>United States</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>106</fpage><lpage>134</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мэтьюз К., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мэтьюз К.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Matthews C.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/63">https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/63</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель: изучение гибридного критерия ценных бумаг для борьбы с финансовыми пирамидами. Методы: диалектический подход к познанию социальных явлений, позволяющий проанализировать их в историческом развитии и функционировании в контексте совокупности объективных и субъективных факторов, который определил выбор следующих методов исследования: формально-логический, сравнительно-правовой и социологический. Результаты: в работе исследуется федеральное законодательство в области ценных бумаг в качестве инструмента для противодействия и регулирования незаконных финансовых пирамид. Пирамиды являются одним из самых распространенных способов обмана потребителей в США, их жертвами ежегодно становятся тысячи людей. С развитием Интернета и социальных сетей создателям пирамид стало еще легче контактировать с потенциальными участниками, среди которых часто оказываются наиболее уязвимые слои населения. Федеральные законы в области ценных бумаг доказали свою эффективность в качестве мощного инструмента борьбы с пирамидными схемами. Однако критерий, используемый федеральными судами для выявления ценных бумаг в деятельности пирамиды, порождает противоречивость и непоследовательность в правоприменении. В работе федеральным судам предлагается при подозрении на финансовую пирамиду применять гибридный критерий, включающий аспекты анализа на рисковый капитал. Тем самым суды получат эффективный инструмент борьбы с финансовыми пирамидами и смогут более четко разграничить незаконные пирамидные схемы и законные предприятия.Научная новизна: в работе обосновано, что острота проблемы пирамидного мошенничества в мире не снижается. Несмотря на значительные усилия государства, мошенники продолжают регулярно организовывать все новые пирамидные схемы. Именно от таких обманных схем и должны защищать федеральные законы о ценных бумагах. Однако, непоследовательно применяя критерий Хауи, суды продолжают создавать ничем не обоснованные прецеденты, выводя пирамидные схемы из сферы действия федерального законодательства о ценных бумагах под предлогом невыполнения условия о личных усилиях инвесторов. В данной работе показано, что федеральные суды должны обращать внимание не на роли дистрибьюторов в пирамидных схемах, а на степень контроля, которую инвесторы получают в результате своего участия в схеме.Практическая значимость: основные положения и выводы статьи могут быть использованы в научной, педагогической и правоприменительной деятельности при рассмотрении вопросов, связанных с применением гибридного критерия ценных бумаг для борьбы с финансовыми пирамидами.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective: to research the hybrid securities test as a regulatory tool against pyramid schemes.Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors, which predetermined the following research methods: formal-logical, comparative-legal, and sociological.Results: the work examines federal securities law as a tool to deter and regulate illegal pyramid schemes. Pyramid schemes are among the most prevalent forms of consumer fraud in the United States and they victimize thousands of individuals every year. The rise of the internet and social media has made it even easier for pyramid promoters to target potential recruits, often those who are already particularly vulnerable to consumer fraud. The federal securities laws have proven to be robust regulatory tools against pyramid schemes. However, the test used by federal courts to determine whether a scheme meets the definition of a security has produced uncertainty and inconsistency in the law. This work proposes that when pyramid schemes are alleged, federal courts should apply a hybrid securities test that incorporates aspects of risk capital analysis. In so doing, courts will be better equipped to focus on the economic reality of pyramid schemes and to draw a more principled line between illegal pyramid fraud and legitimate enterprises. Scientific novelty: the work proves that the problem of pyramid fraud is only growing. Despite the investment of significant governmental resources, undeterred fraudsters continue to form new pyramid schemes with growing regularity. The federal securities laws were enacted to protect the public from precisely these kinds of unsubstantiated, misleading, and fraudulent investment opportunities. However, courts inconsistently applying the Howey test continue to draw unprincipled lines and exclude pyramid schemes from the ambit of the federal securities laws based on the red herring of investor efforts. This work argues not that the federal courts should ignore the role played by distributors in pyramid schemes but rather that they should focus attention on the degree of control that investors may exercise as a function of that participation.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering issues related to using the hybrid securities test as a regulatory tool against pyramid schemes.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гибридный критерий</kwd><kwd>ценные бумаги</kwd><kwd>противодействие преступности</kwd><kwd>правонарушение</kwd><kwd>финансовые пирамиды</kwd><kwd>мошенничество</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Hybrid test</kwd><kwd>Securities</kwd><kwd>Crime counteraction</kwd><kwd>Law breach</kwd><kwd>Pyramid schemes</kwd><kwd>Fraud</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neuffer E. 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