The article presents the detailed analysis of the current state of the Islamic financial system at global scale: the structure, quantitative indicators and main trends. The topicality of the research theme is called forth by the growing influence of the Islamic finance industry at global scale, as well as by the emerging processes of this industry interaction with the Russian economy (in the Republic of Tatarstan in particular). The Islamic financial system structure analysis includes the main types of Islamic financial institutions, main principles and features of the models of their activity, and the prospects of their development. It was stated that the Islamic finance industry has great potential for development as a whole, as well as its certain segments in particular. The carried out analysis can be applied for determining the strategy of development of the Islamic financial institutions in different regions (especially if their activity is not subject to special regulation).