<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rusjel</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Russian Journal of Economics and Law</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Economics and Law</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2782-2923</issn><publisher><publisher-name>"TCE "Taglimat"" Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21202/1993-047X.15.2021.2.294-307</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">JBMHLO</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rusjel-72</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КРИПТОМИР И ЦИФРОВЫЕ ФИНАНСЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CRYPTO-WORLD AND DIGITAL FINANCE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Предпосылки появления и мировой опыт внедрения цифровых валют центральных банков</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Prerequisites for the emergence and world experience in the introduction of digital currencies of central banks</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлишин</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhaylishin</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">andrey@joys.digital</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>РЭУ им. Плеханова; ООО «Цифровые платежи» (резидент (участник) Сколково и резидент StarHub Moscow)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Plekhanov Russian University of Economics; “Digital Payments” LLC (resident (participant) of Skolkovo and resident of StarHub Moscow)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>294</fpage><lpage>307</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Михайлишин А.Ю., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Михайлишин А.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mikhaylishin A.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/72">https://www.rusjel.ru/jour/article/view/72</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель: определение преимуществ и особенностей развития централизованных цифровых валют, а также перспектив их развития в мире.Методы: исторический метод, абстрактно-логический.Результаты: развитие технологий, инфраструктуры и опыт использования публичных цифровых валют привели к закономерному интересу большинства центробанков к выпуску новой формы денег - цифровых валют центральных банков. Рассмотрены основные виды дизайна цифровых валют центральных банков, а также требования к цифровым фиатным валютам. Представлены некоторые примеры стран, проводивших тестовое внедрение и эксперименты с CBDC. Определено, что мы начинаем переходить от наличных денег к цифровым фиатным валютам и следующим шагом станет переход к полностью цифровым формам денег, которые могут привести ко многим потенциальным последствиям для банковской и денежно-кредитной систем.Научная новизна: в статье показано, что развитие технологий, в том числе платежных, антикризисные меры правительств и центральных банков и, как следствие, увеличение денежной массы привели к всплеску интереса центральных банков к выпуску собственных цифровых валют. Представлено, что единой позиции о свойствах и дизайне цифровых фиатных валют в настоящее время еще не выработано. Дано понимание, что переход к CBDC определенно приведет к изменению денежно-кредитной политики и огосударствлению финансовой сферы. Практическая значимость: представленный в статье анализ методологии определения свойств и дизайна цифровых валют центральных банков будет полезен для выработки подхода в реализации цифровых национальных валют. Показанные в статье данные о развитии представлений о цифровых валютах позволяют выявить связи и закономерности развития и появления новой цифровой формы денег.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective: to determine the advantages and features of the development of centralized digital currencies and the prospects for their development globally.Methods: historical method, abstract-logical method.Results: the development of technologies and infrastructure and the experience in the use of public digital currencies have led to the logical interest of most central banks in issuing a new form of money - digital currencies of central banks. The main types of design of central banks digital currencies are considered, as well as the requirements for digital fiat currencies. Some examples of countries that have conducted test implementation and experiments with CBDC are presented. It is determined that we are beginning to move from cash to digital fiat currencies and the next step will be the transition to fully digital forms of money, which can lead to many potential consequences for the banking and monetary systems.Scientific novelty: the article shows that the development of technologies, including payment technologies, anti-crisis measures of governments and central banks, and, as a result, the increase in the money supply led to a surge in the interest of central banks to issue their own digital currencies. It is shown that a single position on the properties and design of digital fiat currencies has not yet been developed. It is stated that the transition to CBDC will definitely lead to a change in monetary policy and to the financial sector nationalization.Practical significance: the analysis of the methodology for determining the properties and design of digital currencies of central banks, presented in the article, will be useful for developing an approach to the implementation of digital national currencies. The presented data on the development of digital currencies concepts allows identifying the connections and patterns of the development and emergence of a new digital form of money.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>теория денег</kwd><kwd>цифровые валюты центральных банков</kwd><kwd>цифровые фиатные валюты</kwd><kwd>цифровая валюта</kwd><kwd>центральный банк</kwd><kwd>банки</kwd><kwd>форма денег</kwd><kwd>платежный рынок</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>CBDC</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андрюшин С. А. Денежно-кредитные системы: от истоков до критовалюты: монография. М.: ООО «Сам полиграфист», 2019. 452 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Андрюшин С. А. Денежно-кредитные системы: от истоков до критовалюты: монография. М.: ООО «Сам полиграфист», 2019. 452 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakamoto S. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. URL: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakamoto S. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. URL: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hardjono T., Smith N. Cloud-based commissioning of constrained devices using permissioned blockchains // Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international workshop on IoT privacy, trust, and security. ACM, 2016. Pp. 29-36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hardjono T., Smith N. Cloud-based commissioning of constrained devices using permissioned blockchains // Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international workshop on IoT privacy, trust, and security. ACM, 2016. Pp. 29-36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blockchain technology in finance / P. Treleaven, R. G. Brown, D. Yang // Computer. 2017. Vol. 50, № 9. Pp. 14-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blockchain technology in finance / P. Treleaven, R. G. Brown, D. Yang // Computer. 2017. Vol. 50, № 9. Pp. 14-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blockchain-based smart contracts -applications and challenges / Yining Hu, Madhusanka Liyanage, Ahsan Manzoor et al. URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.04699.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blockchain-based smart contracts -applications and challenges / Yining Hu, Madhusanka Liyanage, Ahsan Manzoor et al. URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1810.04699.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A survey on internet of things: Architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy, and applications / J. Lin, W. Yu, N. Zhang, X. Yang, H. Zhang and W. Zhao // IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2017. Vol. 4, № 5. Pp. 1125-1142.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A survey on internet of things: Architecture, enabling technologies, security and privacy, and applications / J. Lin, W. Yu, N. Zhang, X. Yang, H. Zhang and W. Zhao // IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2017. Vol. 4, № 5. Pp. 1125-1142.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications / A. Al-Fuqaha, M. Guizani, M. Mohammadi, M. Aledhari, and M. Ayyash // IEEE communications surveys &amp; tutorials. 2015. Vol. 17, № 4. Pp. 2347-2376.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Internet of things: A survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications / A. Al-Fuqaha, M. Guizani, M. Mohammadi, M. Aledhari, and M. Ayyash // IEEE communications surveys &amp; tutorials. 2015. Vol. 17, № 4. Pp. 2347-2376.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tschorsch F., Scheuermann B. Bitcoin and beyond: A technical survey on decentralized digital currencies // IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials. 2016. Vol. 18, № 3. Pp. 2084-2123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tschorsch F., Scheuermann B. Bitcoin and beyond: A technical survey on decentralized digital currencies // IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials. 2016. Vol. 18, № 3. Pp. 2084-2123.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Georgeson David A. Cryptocurrencies as an Alternative to Fiat Monetary Systems // Applied Economics Theses. 2018. № 35. URL: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230751255 (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Georgeson David A. Cryptocurrencies as an Alternative to Fiat Monetary Systems // Applied Economics Theses. 2018. № 35. URL: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230751255 (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kakinaka Sh., Umeno K. Exploring asymmetric multifractal cross-correlations of price-volatility and asymmetric volatility dynamics in cryptocurrency markets, 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.02865.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kakinaka Sh., Umeno K. Exploring asymmetric multifractal cross-correlations of price-volatility and asymmetric volatility dynamics in cryptocurrency markets, 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.02865.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prashanta Chandra Panda, Nisarg Jani. Growth of Cryptocurrency and Illegal Activities // 5th International Conference on Economic Growth and Sustainable Development: Emerging Trends. November 15-16, 2019. Mysuru, India.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prashanta Chandra Panda, Nisarg Jani. Growth of Cryptocurrency and Illegal Activities // 5th International Conference on Economic Growth and Sustainable Development: Emerging Trends. November 15-16, 2019. Mysuru, India.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sex, drugs, and bitcoin: How much illegal activity is financed through cryptocurrencies? / Sean Foley, Jonathan R. Karlsen, Tālis J. Putniņš. University of Sydney, University of Technology Sydney, Stockholm School of Economics in Riga, 2018. URL: https://cashessentials.org/app/uploads/2018/07/foley_karlsen_talis_sex_drugs_and_bitcoin.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sex, drugs, and bitcoin: How much illegal activity is financed through cryptocurrencies? / Sean Foley, Jonathan R. Karlsen, Tālis J. Putniņš. University of Sydney, University of Technology Sydney, Stockholm School of Economics in Riga, 2018. URL: https://cashessentials.org/app/uploads/2018/07/foley_karlsen_talis_sex_drugs_and_bitcoin.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ready, steady, go? - Results of the third BIS survey on central bank digital currency by Codruta Boar and Andreas Wehrli // BIS Papers. 2021. № 114. URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap114.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ready, steady, go? - Results of the third BIS survey on central bank digital currency by Codruta Boar and Andreas Wehrli // BIS Papers. 2021. № 114. URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap114.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Central Bank Digital Currency Policy-Maker Toolkit. URL: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_CBDC_Policymaker_ Toolkit.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Central Bank Digital Currency Policy-Maker Toolkit. URL: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_CBDC_Policymaker_ Toolkit.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bank for International Settlements. Report no 1 in a series of collaborations from a group of central banks: Central bank digital currencies: foundational principles and core features URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/othp33.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bank for International Settlements. Report no 1 in a series of collaborations from a group of central banks: Central bank digital currencies: foundational principles and core features URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/othp33.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tobin J. The case for preserving regulatory distinctions // Proceedings - Economic Policy Symposium - Jackson Hole, 1987. Pp. 167-205.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tobin J. The case for preserving regulatory distinctions // Proceedings - Economic Policy Symposium - Jackson Hole, 1987. Pp. 167-205.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Proceeding with caution - a survey on central bank digital currency By Christian Barontini and Henry Holden // BIS Papers. 2019. № 101. URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap101.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Proceeding with caution - a survey on central bank digital currency By Christian Barontini and Henry Holden // BIS Papers. 2019. № 101. URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap101.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кочергин Д. А., Янгирова А. И. Центробанковские цифровые валюты: ключевые характеристики и направления влияния на денежно-кредитную и платежные системы // Финансы: теория и практика. 2019. № 4. С. 80-98. URL: https:// financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/download/889/589 (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Кочергин Д. А., Янгирова А. И. Центробанковские цифровые валюты: ключевые характеристики и направления влияния на денежно-кредитную и платежные системы // Финансы: теория и практика. 2019. № 4. С. 80-98. URL: https:// financetp.fa.ru/jour/article/download/889/589 (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The rise of digital money, Tobias Adrian and Tommaso Mancini-Griffoli. URL: https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/ Publications/FTN063/2019/English/FTNEA2019001.ashx (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The rise of digital money, Tobias Adrian and Tommaso Mancini-Griffoli. URL: https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/ Publications/FTN063/2019/English/FTNEA2019001.ashx (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bank for International Settlements. The technology of retail central bank digital currency. URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/ qtrpdf/r_qt2003j.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bank for International Settlements. The technology of retail central bank digital currency. URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/ qtrpdf/r_qt2003j.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takuma Yatsui. Implications of China's digital yuan initiative - potential impact and future focal points - Mitsui &amp; Co. Global Strategic Studies Institute Monthly Report November 2020. URL: https://www.mitsui.com/mgssi/en/report/detail/ icsFiles/ afieldfile/2021/01/07/2011c_yatsui_e_1.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takuma Yatsui. Implications of China's digital yuan initiative - potential impact and future focal points - Mitsui &amp; Co. Global Strategic Studies Institute Monthly Report November 2020. URL: https://www.mitsui.com/mgssi/en/report/detail/ icsFiles/ afieldfile/2021/01/07/2011c_yatsui_e_1.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">CB: closed test of a digital yuan will not influence the issuance and circulation of the yuans, Xinhua News Agency, Beijin, 2020, available at: http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-04/17/content_5503711.htm (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CB: closed test of a digital yuan will not influence the issuance and circulation of the yuans, Xinhua News Agency, Beijin, 2020, available at: http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-04/17/content_5503711.htm (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riksbank, E-krona. URL: https://www.riksbank.se/en-gb/payments--cash/e-krona/ (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riksbank, E-krona. URL: https://www.riksbank.se/en-gb/payments--cash/e-krona/ (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Digitalization on Financial Services and Implications for Monetary Policy in Thailand. Monetary Policy Group, Bank of Thailand. Thematic Study 2018. URL: https://www.bot.or.th/Thai/MonetaryPolicy/EconomicConditions/AAA/Presentation_ DigitalizationonFinancialServices.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Digitalization on Financial Services and Implications for Monetary Policy in Thailand. Monetary Policy Group, Bank of Thailand. Thematic Study 2018. URL: https://www.bot.or.th/Thai/MonetaryPolicy/EconomicConditions/AAA/Presentation_ DigitalizationonFinancialServices.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bank of Thailand Press sheet No. 30/2020 URL: https://www.bot.or.th/Thai/PressandSpeeches/Press/News2563/n3063e. pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bank of Thailand Press sheet No. 30/2020 URL: https://www.bot.or.th/Thai/PressandSpeeches/Press/News2563/n3063e. pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hartinger R. E-Hryvnia, Payment Systems and Innovations Department National Bank of Ukraine. URL: https://bank.gov. ua/admin_uploads/article/Hartinger_E-Hryvnia_pr_2020-02-21.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hartinger R. E-Hryvnia, Payment Systems and Innovations Department National Bank of Ukraine. URL: https://bank.gov. ua/admin_uploads/article/Hartinger_E-Hryvnia_pr_2020-02-21.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Банк России. Цифровой рубль: доклад для общественных консультаций. URL: https://www.cbr.ru/StaticHtml/ File/112957/Consultation_Paper_201013.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Банк России. Цифровой рубль: доклад для общественных консультаций. URL: https://www.cbr.ru/StaticHtml/ File/112957/Consultation_Paper_201013.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rise of the central bank digital currencies: drivers, approaches and technologies // BIS Working Papers, № 880. URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/work880.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rise of the central bank digital currencies: drivers, approaches and technologies // BIS Working Papers, № 880. URL: https://www.bis.org/publ/work880.pdf (дата обращения: 10.03.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
