Угроза со стороны ультраправого экстремизма по отношению к безопасности и организационной законности правоохранительных органов в США

Цель: анализ антиправительственной идеологии ультраправого экстремизма как внешней угрозы по отношению к сотрудникам охраны правопорядка.

Методы: диалектический подход к познанию социальных явлений с использованием основанных на нем общенаучных и частнонаучных методов познания.

Результаты: взаимоотношения между ультраправыми экстремистами и правоохранительными органами в Соединенных Штатах Америки имеют длинную и сложную историю. В 2020 г. эти отношения оказались предметом широкого обсуждения, так как обе их стороны стали участниками ряда беспрецедентных событий общенационального уровня. В данной работе рассматривается антиправительственная идеология ультраправого экстремизма как внешняя угроза по отношению к сотрудникам охраны правопорядка. Представлена информация из базы данных по экстремистским преступлениям о сотрудниках правоохранительных органов, убитых при исполнении своих служебных обязанностей представителями ультраправых организаций за последние 30 лет. Кроме того, рассмотрен феномен явной или скрытой поддержки ультраправого экстремизма со стороны правоохранительных органов, который создает внутреннюю угрозу законности деятельности этих органов. Наконец, обсуждаются инициативы полиции, основанные на ранее проведенных исследованиях и направленные на снижение указанных угроз.

Научная новизна: в работе впервые обосновывается, что ультраправые экстремисты представляют угрозу для сотрудников правоохранительных органов США. Антиправительственные экстремисты, считающие себя неподсудными законам юрисдикций, в которых они живут, могут дойти до насильственных действий в случае столкновения с органами правопорядка из-за своей идеологически мотивированной или обычной преступной деятельности. Кроме того, правоохранительные органы, принимающие на работу ультраправых экстремистов, сталкиваются с реальной перспективой потерять свою легитимность в глазах граждан, которым они клялись служить и защищать. В течение нескольких десятилетий криминологические исследования показывают, что недостаток доверия к полиции делает ее работу более сложной и опасной. Научные исследования и эмпирические представления указывают на множество путей к достижению цели, однако только решительные действия со стороны правоохранительных органов и законодателей могут снизить риск внешней виктимизации полиции и защитить органы правопорядка от делегитимизации по причине присутствия в их рядах ультраправых экстремистов.

Практическая значимость: основные положения и выводы статьи могут быть использованы в научной, педагогической и правоприменительной деятельности при рассмотрении вопросов, связанных с предупреждением, пресечением и расследованием экстремистских преступлений.

Впервые статья опубликована на английском языке в журнале Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society and The Western Society of Criminology Hosting by Scholastica. По вопросам коммерческого использования обратитесь в редакцию журнала Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society (CCJLS) и The Western Society of Criminology: CCJLS@WesternCriminology.org.

Цитирование оригинала статьи на английском: Parkin W. S., Mills C. E., Gruenewald J., Far-Right Extremism’s Threat to Police Safety and the Organizational Legitimacy of Law Enforcement in the United States Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 2018, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 1–14.

URL публикации: https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/26321-far-right-extremism-s-threat-to-police-safety-and-the-organizational- legitimacy-of-law-enforcement-in-the-united-states

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