Пробелы правосудия и перспективы криминологического исследования

Цель: обобщение и изучение правоприменительных ошибок во время предварительного расследования, судебного следствия и исполнения приговора в американской уголовно-исполнительной системе.

Методы: диалектический подход к познанию социальных явлений, позволяющий проанализировать их в историческом развитии и функционировании в контексте совокупности объективных и субъективных факторов, который определил выбор следующих методов исследования: формально-логический и социологический.

Результаты: в работе достаточно подробно описаны и раскрыты четыре основных причины правоприменительных ошибок, которые встречаются во время предварительного расследования, судебного следствия и исполнения приговора в американской уголовно-исполнительной системе. К ним относятся: ложное признание, ошибочное опознание свидетеля, ошибка судебной экспертизы, ложное свидетельство информатора в местах лишения свободы. Неслучайно поэтому основной задачей эмпирических исследований криминологов и других ученых по минимизации правоприменительных ошибок в сфере уголовного судопроизводства за последние десятилетия стало требование о большей прозрачности в процессе сбора доказательств, а также развитие и внедрение лучших практик, основанных на социологических исследованиях. Развитие концептуального знания важно не только для создания системных, обобщающих и фундаментальных подходов к проблеме правоприменительных ошибок, но и чтобы показать законодателю, что на чаше весов – судьбы людей, а также существенные социально-правовые издержки.

 Научная новизна: в работе рассмотрены существующие проблемы в американской уголовно-исполнительной системе, которые встречаются на этапе предварительного расследования, судебного следствия и исполнения приговора. Среди них проблемы полицейских допросов, ложных признаний и судебных ошибок, приводящих к осуждению невиновного.

Практическая значимость: основные положения и выводы статьи могут быть использованы в научной, педагогической и правоприменительной деятельности при рассмотрении вопросов, связанных с минимизацией правоприменительных ошибок, которые встречаются на этапах предварительного расследования, судебного следствия и исполнения приговора в американской уголовно-исполнительной системе.

Впервые статья опубликована на английском языке в журнале Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society and The Western Society of Criminology Hosting by Scholastica. По вопросам коммерческого использования обратитесь в редакцию журнала Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society (CCJLS) и The Western Society of Criminology: CCJLS@WesternCriminology.org.

Цитирование оригинала статьи на английском: Leo, R. A. (2014). The Justice Gap and the Promise of Criminological Research, Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 15 (3), 1–37.

URL публикации: https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/419-the-justice-gap-and-the-promise-of-criminological-research

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