Влияние законов штата на уровень смертей по вине сотрудников полиции (СПВСП)

Цель: изучение вопросов, связанных с незаконным применением силы сотрудниками правоохранительных органов в отношении задержанных, а также выявление влияния законов штата на уровень смертей по вине сотрудников полиции.
Методы: в статье используются всеобщий диалектический метод познания, а также общенаучные (анализ, синтез, индукция, дедукция) и частно-научные методы исследования (формально-юридический).
Результаты: проблема незаконного или чрезмерного применения силы сотрудниками правоохранительных органов активно обсуждается общественностью, однако на местах отсутствует важная информация о том, как часто полицейские применяют силу при взаимодействии с гражданами. Более того, остается неизученным влияние законодательных ограничений на применение силы в различных штатах на частоту применения силы сотрудниками полиции. Следовательно, различные предлагаемые реформы имеют мало фактических подтверждений. Используя материалы базы данных Mapping Police Violence и переписи населения, авторы проанализировали следующие факторы: включение решений Верховного суда США в законодательство отдельных штатов; ограничения, которые каждый штат накладывает на применение силы сотрудниками правоохранительных органов при аресте; интерпретация понятия оправданного применения силы в отдельных штатах. В результате было обнаружено, что сильными предикторами количества и уровня смертей по вине сотрудников полиции являются численность населения штата и уровень насильственных преступлений в нем.
Научная новизна: наше исследование показало, что на количество смертей по вине сотрудников полиции в год, равно как и на уровень таких правонарушений на 100 тысяч жителей в год, не влияют такие факторы, как включение решений Верховного суда в законодательство штата или строгость законов штата в отношении применения силы сотрудниками полиции во время ареста, для защиты себя или других лиц или применения смертельного оружия. С помощью двухфакторного анализа мы обнаружили, что законы штатов в данной сфере влияют на показатели СПВСП, но включение в многомерный анализ других важных факторов, касающихся характеристик штатов, уменьшает этот эффект. Кроме того, законы штатов, о которых идет речь, могут и не оказывать влияния на действия сотрудников полиции. В данный момент штаты уделяют сравнительно меньше внимания вопросам о том, что является обоснованным подозрением, необходимым для задержания, или какие действия полицейских могут непреднамеренно привести к эскалации ситуации вплоть до применения силы.
Практическая значимость: основные положения и выводы статьи могут быть использованы в научной, педагогической и правоприменительной деятельности при рассмотрении вопросов, связанных с влиянием законов штата на уровень смертей по вине сотрудников полиции.

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