Самоконтроль и криминальные наклонности: лонгитюдное исследование мер общественного воздействия, направленных на повышение самоконтроля

Цель: изучение понятия самоконтроля как основного фактора криминогенной потребности и преступного поведения. Методы: диалектический подход к познанию социальных явлений с использованием основанных на нем общенаучных (анализ, синтез, индукция) и частно-научных (формально-юридический, системный, сравнительно-правовой, социологический) методов познания. Результаты: в данном исследовании раскрывается сущность теоретической дискуссии между сторонниками психогенных и социогенных причин антиобщественного поведения. Автор сравнивает аргументы, приводимые в общей теории преступной деятельности для объяснения психогенных механизмов самоконтроля, с гипотезой о социогенных причинах, выдвигаемых теорией социального контроля. В работе самоконтроль и социальный контроль описаны как две стороны одного социально-психологического явления и доказано, что ключевые ценностные идентичности являются ядром самоконтроля. Данные многомерного временного ряда собирались в течение года в выборке из 173 детей, участвующих в программе наставничества на местном уровне. Большой интерес представляет проведенный анализ выборки детей с высоким риском антиобщественного поведения, включая группу детей, испытавших влияние тюремного заключения родителей.Научная новизна: в работе обосновано, что уровень самоконтроля меняется различным образом у разных детей в течение года применения мер общественного воздействия, что ставит под сомнение гипотезу об относительной стабильности уровня самоконтроля, принятую в теории самоконтроля. У детей, не испытавших воздействия тюремного заключения родителей, уровень самоконтроля возрастал в течение года участия в программе наставничества, тогда как у детей с опытом такого воздействия он понижался. Результаты показывают, что программы мер общественного воздействия для детей из групп риска по признаку межпоколенческой преступности должны учитывать данные клинических моделей по борьбе с криминальными наклонностями.Практическая значимость: основные положения и выводы статьи могут быть использованы в научной, педагогической и правоприменительной деятельности при рассмотрении вопросов, связанных с предупреждением и пресечением правонарушений.

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