Objective: to develop a new approach to the definition of regional anti-crisis management, taking the institutional factors into account.

Methods: abstract-logical method is used. The paper uses the evolutionary approach that made it possible to clarify the current state of the concept under study and offer a vision of its future understanding.

Results: currently, the essence of anti-crisis management of a region is virtually not studied in the scientific literature. In the article, the author analyzes scientific approaches to the definition and essence of institutional aspects of crisis management. It is noted that when defining institutional crisis management, researchers adhere to various approaches: the concept is considered as a conflict resolution process, as a system of institutional forms, as an impact on rules, or as a mechanism. The existing approaches to the concept of anti-crisis management of a region or municipality are analyzed. As a result of their critical assessment, it was found that insufficient attention has been paid to the institutional approach in the definition of regional crisis management; a large number of definitions do not consider crisis counteraction; some definitions were considered within the framework of approaches that do not fully disclose the essence of crisis management. The author’s concept of “institutional crisis management of the region” was proposed in the context of current trends and prospects for the transition to institutional crisis management of a region.

Scientific novelty: the novelty of the current understanding of institutional crisis management in a region lies in the integration of two approaches: a package of anti-crisis measures and projects and a more precise distinction between explicit and implicit crises. The novelty of the future understanding of this definition (which is necessary to strive for) consists in its consideration from the position of conditional continuity, taking into account informal rules and paying increased attention to countering anti-Russia sanctions at the regional level. The novelty also lies in the use of an evolutionary approach, which demonstrated an improvement in the current understanding of the essence of institutional crisis management of a region.

Practical significance: the analysis of the definitions of crisis management, as well as the formed approach to the concept of institutional crisis management can be used for an in-depth study of this aspect. In addition, the considered institutional factors can be implemented into the system of regional crisis management.

Objective: to study the ideology of consumerism, to identify its strategic maneuvers, to analyze the consequences of their implementation, which affected the state of modern society and the existence of a personality.

Methods: logical and structural analysis, system-functional approach, comparative analysis. The material for the theoretical understanding of the problem was the ideas of J. Baudrillard and E. Cassirer.

Results: the study revealed that the ideology of consumerism is addressed to the mythological type of consciousness of a personality, placing emphasis on such components as a miracle and a myth of happiness, which attracts the attention of the individual. A powerful strategic force of the consumerism ideology as a transparent control over consumer society is advertising based on the myth design technology. Its constituent elements are myth and image, which are deliberately constructed. Advertising sacralizes the promoted objects, turning them into fetishes. They become the objects of worship and lust of a consumer. Through myth and image, advertising structures the psychic reality, exerting a suggestive effect on the individual as a potential buyer of the advertised objects. The transparent manipulativeness of advertising is most clearly manifested in relation to symbolic consumption. It stimulates the consumer’s buying activity through a massive attack with signs and symbols representing the brand. Through advertising, the brand is sacralized, but its semantic significance turns out to be simulated. Dependence on symbolic consumption indicates not only the status or success of an individual, but also their lack of self-sufficiency determined by the absorption with the brand and the goods/services produced by it.

Scientific novelty: consists in revealing the ambivalence of the consumerism ideology, which actively exploits the mythological type of a personality consciousness, along with the rational-pragmatic one.

Practical significance: consists in using the research results to form strategies for overcoming the social crisis, further studying the current state of consumer society, the consumerism ideology, the advertising and myth design technology, as well as for forecasting the algorithms of individual actions and the possibility of correcting their worldview.

Objective: to study the impact of the level of broadband Internet access on income inequality in Russian regions.

Methods: econometric modeling using the method of analyzing the relationship between inequality and economic growth, developed by Simon Kuznets, for a sample of 82 Russian regions in 2010–2020.

Results: the paper examines the theoretical and practical aspects of income inequality of the population. The basis of many scientific studies is the results obtained by S. Kuznets, repeatedly tested in subsequent works. It is determined that under digital economy, inequality in economic development is also manifested in the spread of broadband Internet access. However, previous studies have not answered whether the further spread of the Internet will lead to increased income inequality. The authors of the study put forward and tested the corresponding hypothesis. Based on the analysis results, the authors draw conclusions about the existence of a nonlinear relationship between economic growth and income inequality, as well as the existence of a link between the spread of broadband Internet access and the reduction of income inequality in the Russian regions. At the same time, the results show that the relationship between the development of broadband Internet access and the Gini coefficient has an inverted U-shaped curve. This relationship is a development or analogue of the Kuznets curve, in which the development of digital infrastructure becomes one of the key factors in reducing inequality.

Scientific novelty: a method for analyzing the relationship between income inequality and digital development is proposed, which is based on the results of econometric modeling. A model is substantiated and constructed that characterizes the impact of broadband Internet access on income inequality in Russia.

Practical significance: the study results substantiate the need to increase the level of broadband Internet connectivity as one of the indicators of reducing income inequality in the Russian regions and, thus, indicate the directions of regional policy in the field of digital infrastructure development.

Objective: based on the analysis of modern ecosystems, to determine the promising forms of their dissemination.

Methods: abstract-logical research method, methods of information analysis and synthesis were used in the study.

Results: in the recent years, ecosystems have been actively developed in management practice. Despite the constant growth of their number, the phenomenon itself has been studied rather poorly, without a clear legal and organizational structure. This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of the implementation of various scenarios for the formation and functioning of ecosystems; their promising options are identified. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the main approaches to the study of ecosystems are identified: technological, product, and as a set of companies. The Russian practice of ecosystem organization was analyzed, on which basis the key features of ecosystems were identified, distinguishing them from traditional business models. A comprehensive review of the relationships between the constituent elements of the ecosystem was carried out, regarding its partners, stages of formation and specific management methods, and interactions with competitors. The main approaches to the organization of interaction within ecosystems – totalitarian, authoritarian and democratic – were studied. The peculiarities of the organization of competition and partnership of ecosystems with other market participants were also considered. Based on the practice of merging ecosystems, the prospects for the development of mega-ecosystems were determined.

Scientific novelty: as a result, a number of approaches to the development of ecosystems in an extensive and intensive aspect were identified. Standard expansion options based on mergers and acquisitions of other enterprises typical of classical companies can be supplemented by interactions of several ecosystems within the framework of common projects and their joint formation. It is determined that the formation of highly specialized ecosystems is a more rational way of their development than the processes of merging and absorption of ecosystems. The scientific novelty also lies in the application of the analysis of internal and external forms of interaction in ecosystems to identify promising forms of development in new sectors of the economy.

Practical significance: it consists in offering an original approach to the formation of ecosystem companies, as well as the possibility of creating a combination of a number of services based on a virtual ecosystem.

Objective: to analyze the transforming socio-economic relations of the new “digital normality”, to which end the task is solved of bringing into line the terminology used in business turnover between various participants in the digital assets market, in the practical financial activities of economic entities arising in a specific territory, in a certain legal field, and contained in the recommendatory technical documentation (standards).

Methods: the article uses systematic and analytical approaches, logical and comparative methods.

Results: despite the active use of distributed ledger technologies, theory and practice are currently characterized by a large number of legal and business definitions describing the organization of business processes in this area. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the meaning of various terms of the digital economy was studied. In the course of studying technical terminology, such concepts as a distributed ledger, network nodes, blockchain, etc. were defined. The analysis of financial and economic terms is based on fintech definitions, such as digital asset, cryptocurrency, digital currency, digital financial asset, token, etc. The terms of the digital economy are considered from the perspective of so-called tokenomics, including such as token ecosystem, DLT user, DLT platform, decentralized application, etc.

Scientific novelty: the terminology obtained was structured as a theoretical basis with a specification for the digital asset market and use in financial market reform.

Practical significance: this review has been prepared: 1) to systematically familiarize the professional community with existing trends; 2) to harmonize socio-economic relations by developing common local recommendations (standards); 3) to develop the market for digital assets produced using distributed ledger technologies through understanding basic concepts.

Objective: to critically analyze the international experience and proposals of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) on the international unification of the digital tax and assess the prospects for the development of this sector of the economy, identify bottlenecks and prospects for the introduction of a similar tax in the Russian Federation.

Methods: a dialectical approach to the cognition of economic regularities, which allows analyzing their development and functioning in the context of a set of objective factors, which determined the choice of the following research methods: formal-logical, economic analysis of the main trends in the construction and development of digital taxation, internal and external tax control.

Results: the article discusses the current problems, foreign experience and prospects for the transition of states to the introduction of a new indirect tax – a tax on digital services. Forecasts of growth of tax revenues from digital business have been confirmed. The authors identify two trends in the international practice of digital tax development. The main methodological problems of the new tax are outlined, including the preservation of the neutrality principle, the single tax burden, the identification of the users’ location, the determination of income sources. The risks of a significant increase in the tax burden for companies and users, complication of transaction reporting systems, etc. are identified. The allocation of a tax on digital services in the Russian Federation as an independent tax is justified. The positive effect for the state and the Russian market of digital services is indicated.

Scientific novelty: the paper summarizes the foreign experience of electronic economy taxation, for the first time justifies the need to adapt the national version of the digital tax, taking into account the peculiarity of the modern political and economic situation; despite the Russian support of the OECD directive, the conclusion is made about the need to segment support for the web economy with an alternative in the form of penalties for abuse in this sphere. This approach can be used as a potential opportunity to protect the national digital services market from international competition and pressure.

Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering issues related to the management of the digital economy, ensuring fairness and neutrality of taxation.

Objective: to comprehensively study the reception of Roman law in Europe in the 11^th – 17^th centuries as the key element of the continental legal system formation; to consider the reception process through the study of the activities of medieval universities, which had a decisive influence on the borrowing of Roman legal norms and adapting them to European realities, and on the formation of the continental system of law.

Methods: the article uses the main general scientific research methods: induction, extrapolation, analysis and synthesis, and also uses a comparative method of scientific research that allows tracing changes in the norms of Roman law during its reception.

Results: it is difficult to overestimate the importance of Roman law reception for the European legal order and legal culture. As a result of a long process of analyzing, borrowing and adapting the Roman legal norms, the continental law system developed with the legal traditions and institutions forming it. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the full-fledged perception and qualitative adaptation of Roman law in the medieval states were possible only due to higher educational institutions. University professors disclosed the meaning of Roman legal norms in research works, taught students to apply these norms in the social conditions of that period, analyzed judicial practice, and contributed to the evolutionary changes of law that had arisen in the Roman Empire. In general, thanks to their activities, the absolute authority of Roman law was confirmed, and the attitude towards jurisprudence changed – law was no longer perceived as a limited set of casuistic laws adopted by the state, but as science and art.

Scientific novelty: the article for the first time examines the influence of the Roman law reception, which was carried out by European universities, on the continental legal system formation. The evolutionary stages of the Roman law reception are considered: from the scholastic interpretation of the Code of Justinian by glossators to the activities of humanists. The opinion is argued that the transfer of cases to the conclusion (the Aktenversendung Institute), the development of the school of glossators, postglossators and humanists directly shaped the trends, determined the rules and system of the Roman private law institutions borrowing and adaptation.

Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific and pedagogical activities when considering issues related to the study of the Roman law reception and the trends in the European legal systems development.

Objective: the research was conducted in order to analyze historical and legal events related to the genesis of the legislative framework for regulating the legal status of foreign citizens in the pre-revolutionary period in the Russian Empire of the 18^th – 20^th centuries.

Methods: the methodological basis of the work includes the following methods: comparative legal, historical and legal analysis, comparison, synthesis. The author also used specific scientific methods; while solving research tasks, the main processes and events of pre-revolutionary Russian history and rulemaking in the field of migration were studied and analyzed. This approach allowed considering and analyzing the main body of legislative acts of the Russian Empire of the 18^th – 20^th centuries which regulated the legal status of foreigners to varying degrees.

Results: during the analysis of the genesis of the pre-revolutionary period of the legislative framework for regulating the legal status of foreign nationals, it becomes obvious that our country has a good historical experience in this sphere, which could be fully used today. In the course of the research, the author convincingly proved that with the development of the Russian state, the rights of foreign citizens changed. In particular, by activating international relations at the beginning of the 18^th century, the Russian authorities did not hinder the processes as a result of which foreign citizens occupied a privileged position in Russia, which necessitated the legal regulation of their status. Characterizing the peculiarities of the legal status of the persons in question, the author focuses on the absence of a single legislative act defining the rights and obligations of foreigners. The author also concludes that in the Russian Empire, the implementation of only Russian legislative norms in relation to foreign subjects was recognized, which served as a basis for foreigners in the country to obey exclusively Russian legislation and be protected by it.

Scientific novelty: the work for the first time reveals the essence and patterns of social relations associated with the development of legislative frameworks for regulating the legal status of foreign citizens in pre-revolutionary Russia, compares crisis migration situations of today and other historical epochs, and identifies a strategy and tactics for the legal regulation of problematic migration processes.

Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific and pedagogical activities when considering the issues related to the study of the legal status of foreign citizens in pre-revolutionary Russia.

Objective: to analyze the reasons for senior schoolchildren’s interest to destructive social groups dedicated to challenges, criminal culture, weapons, erotic and sex, dangerous leisure, death and suicide, mass killings and violence, and drugs; to describe the hierarchy of interests and life values of adolescents based on the research results (questionnaire survey of schoolchildren and multidimensional content analysis of VKontakte social network).

Methods: general scientific (analysis, system-structural approach to the analysis of the research object, comparative-legal method) and specific scientific methods (questionnaire survey of schoolchildren, N = 589, conducted in April 2021, and multidimensional content analysis of VKontakte social network, 314,708 fragments).

Results: the interests of schoolchildren to various groups in social networks were analyzed. The determinants of joining groups are factors such as the degree of trust in relationships with parents, plans for the future, the amount of time spent daily on the Internet, the tendency to hedonism in everyday life. The methods of involving adolescents in the destructive ideology of the Columbine* movement were revealed.

Scientific novelty: two groups of users of sites propagating the destructive ideology of Columbine movement were identified: the core (characterized by the abundance of negative moods, these social network users are potentially capable of committing terrorist acts) and the periphery (characterized by an increased general interest in extreme leisure activities). The hierarchy of interests and life values of representatives of the core and the periphery is described; assumptions are made about the ways and reasons for the flow of users from the core to the periphery and back. The study showed that the breeding ground for Columbine and other destructive youth network movements are the adolescents who do not have trust relationships with their parents, are aimed at enjoying life here and now, do not have clear plans for the future, and prefer virtual communication to real one.

Practical significance: the materials of the article can be useful to federal and regional authorities in implementing various aspects of youth policy, preventing sociopathic behavior of the youth, ensuring the safety of educational institutions, as well as to scientists researching destructive youth network movements.

* Note: The international youth movement "Columbine" ("Schoolshooting") is recognized as a terrorist organization.

Objective: to analyze the dynamics of Russia’s anti-corruption potential in connection with the socio-political conditions of the modern Russian society development.

Methods: a dialectical approach to the cognition of social phenomena, which allows analyzing the interrelation of such phenomena as politics, economics, power, corruption, as well as using comparative-historical, systemic, institutional, abstract-logical methods to predict ways to increase the anti-corruption potential of society and its anti-corruption stability.

Results: the development of the anti-corruption potential of the modern Russian state is predicted, based on the formation of civil society under the influence of socio-economic and socio-political processes taking place in Russia against the background of the special military operation. The regularities in the actions of the ruling elite representatives in various difficult periods of the state development are stated, including during the special military operation of the Russian Armed Forces in the territory of Ukraine.

Scientific novelty: the work presents a comparative study of the dependence between the spread of corruption in society, on the one hand, and the socio-political conditions and the characteristics of the ruling elite, on the other, including under the conditions of modern society in its extreme state during the special military operation; the impact of these conditions on the anti-corruption stability of society is also studied.

Practical significance: consists in the possibility to formulate forecasting assessments regarding the ability to increase the anti-corruption potential of the society (anti-corruption sustainability of the society) and ways to achieve the goal of fighting corruption.

Objective: to summarize and study the North America’s intra-continental gun trafficking networks.

Methods: the work applies social network analysis (SNA) to understand structures, identify brokers and discover patterns in the way guns are being procured, transported across the border, and further distributed.

Results: Since Canada adjoins the largest weapons market in the world, it is unsurprising that guns used to commit criminal acts in Canada largely originate in the United States. But how are such weapons transported across the border: by individual entrepreneurs, by small networks, or by sophisticated cartels? This article analyzes six cases that resulted in prosecutions of 40 Canadian and American citizens implicated in Canada-U.S. gun trafficking networks between 2007 and 2010. This study is a plausibility probe that applies social network analysis—investigating networks that come into existence by the creation of pairwise links among their members—to analyze global structures, identify brokers and their roles, and discover patterns in the way guns are being procured in the United States, transported across the border, and distributed in Canada.

Scientific novelty: In the process, this study generates hypotheses about network structure and works towards modeling these networks functionally: Since guns are available legally in the United States, we expect to find a proliferation of relatively simple networks. In contrast, drugs, which are not as readily available, might require more sophisticated networks to be trafficked across the border. Results revealed that the trafficking network structures seem to be driven by function. When the objective of the network is mere rent-seeking, transborder trafficking networks for guns tend to be simple. By contrast, when the objective is to manage violence as a constituent element of a larger criminal organization and its activities, networks tend to be more sophisticated, although the gun trafficking networks remain simpler.

Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to the illegal firearms trafficking through the US and Canadian territories.

Objective: to explore the relationship between college students’ media consumption and their attitude to school shootings in the United States of America.

Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors, which predetermined the following research methods: formal-logical, comparative-legal, and sociological.

Results: School shootings are considered by many to be a social problem in need of a solution. While episodic in nature, they generate fear and concern, particularly as a result of the amount of attention they garner by and through the media. The present study explores the relationship between college students’ media consumption and their beliefs that school shootings are a problem in the United States. A survey was administered to 442 university students in fall 2012 and included measures of specific modes through which media is consumed, including television, newspaper, and social media, which then were analyzed to assess such a relationship. The results indicate that social media—Twitter² in particular—are significant predictors of students’ beliefs about school shootings. These findings also represent an important shift in media production that encourages a more participatory discourse with audience members. Implications for journalistic practices, study limitations, and directions for future research also are discussed.

Scientific novelty: The present study sought to examine the impact of media consumption on respondents’ beliefs that school shootings are a problem in the U.S. It was hypothesized that there is a positive relationship between the amount of media that students consume and their belief that school shootings are a problem. It was found that the more students use social media, and Twitter in particular, the stronger their beliefs that school shootings are a social problem. Not all media use, however, was related to these beliefs in accordance with cultivation theory.

Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to the crime prevention and suppression.

* Note: The international youth movement "Columbine" ("Schoolshooting") is recognized as a terrorist organization.

² The social media banned in the Russian Federation for disseminating illegal information. – Editorial comment.