Objective: to develop a theoretical and methodological approach to assessing the justification of pro-competitive economic regulation and to selecting its regulatory regime and instruments; to identify the risks arising when regulatory design is misaligned with the economic rationale for intervention, and to assess the relevance of these risks using the airport industry as a case study.

Methods: qualitative law-and-economics analysis. The study compares the economic rationales for regulation (natural monopoly, transaction costs, essential facilities, and platform economics) with the stated objectives and scope of intervention. The error-cost framework is used to derive criteria for choosing a regulatory regime and to develop a typology of risks, distinguishing Type I errors (unwarranted intervention) from Type II errors (non-intervention or insufficient intervention). The analysis draws on the airport economics literature and case studies of Russian enforcement practice in airport services market.

Results: the paper systematizes the economic rationales for pro-competitive regulation and shows how a chosen rationale determines the relevant scope of intervention and the range of price and non-price instruments. It proposes criteria for regulatory regime choice and a stepwise principle for tightening regulatory constraints. A typology of misalignment risks is developed for both rulemaking and enforcement stages, including the risk of extending a regulatory regime to competitive and potentially competitive market segments. On an example of airport industry, the paper demonstrates the channels through which these risks materialize and their consequences for efficiency-enhancing and investment incentives, as well as for the effectiveness of competition and industrial policy.

Scientific novelty: the study offers an approach to assessing the theoretical justification of pro-competitive economic regulation and a procedure for selecting a regulatory regime that reduces the likelihood of Type I and Type II errors. It develops a typology of risks stemming from the misalignment between regulatory design and the economic rationale for intervention and illustrates (on airport markets) the mechanism through which regulatory regimes may be extended to segments that would otherwise remain unregulated.

Practical significance: the results can be applied in competition policy, in designing differentiated regimes for tariff regulation and non-discriminatory access, and in assessing both the intended and actual effects of competition policy measures.

Objective: to develop a conceptual approach to forming a company’s strategy as a sustainable behavioral pattern that ensures its feasibility in a turbulent environment.

Methods: the study used abstract-logical method, methods of information analysis and synthesis, conceptual modeling and classification.

Results: the research revealed that under high turbulence, the dominant targeted approach to strategy formation, focused on achieving specific indicators by a set deadline, leads to permanent adjustments, blurring its long-term nature and reducing feasibility. As an alternative, a prospective strategy format is justified and proposed as a set of indefinite process guidelines that form a sustainable company “character”. The author developed a typology that compares the classical and prospective strategy formats by key characteristics (objective, presentation method, urgency, degree of publicity, etc.). The study showed that the proposed approach allows moving from reactive adjustment to proactive sustainability, reducing the document volume and increasing its receptivity by staff.

Scientific novelty: it consists in developing and theoretically justifying a process-oriented approach to strategy formation, in which for the first time strategy is interpreted not as a plan to achieve targets, but as an indefinite behavioral pattern – a set of long-term decisions that determine the company “character”. The proposed original classification of strategy formats reveals their fundamental differences by the criteria of goal setting, urgency, adaptability, and degree of publicity.

Practical significance: it is possible to use the proposed model and classification to develop and update company strategies in various industries. The proposed format allows increasing business resilience to external shocks, simplifying the strategic planning process, and making the strategy a working tool for management and staff rather than a declarative document.

Objective: to systematically analyze the complex of legal and economic risks arising in the formation and functioning of digital ecosystems of universities, and to develop a risk management model based on this analysis.

Methods: the research uses the methodology of system analysis and synthesis and such methods as comparative legal and economic analysis, conceptual modeling, as well as content analysis of the scientific literature (more than 40 sources).

Results: the author identified and classified a system of interrelated risks, structured at three levels: 1) micro-level (intra-ecosystem): cybersecurity risks, violations of intellectual property and personal data rights, corruption risks in the procurement of IT solutions; 2) meso-level (ecosystem): risks of ineffective management (project, communication, cultural), legal uncertainty in regulating digital platforms and services; and 3) macro-level (external): risks related to the geopolitical situation (sanctions, restrictions on access to technology and R&D) and global challenges (digital inequality, AI ethics). Based on the identified system, an integrative three-contour management model was developed, including: 1) preventive contour (legal compliance and regulatory framework); 2) operational contour (project management and monitoring tools); and 3) strategic contour (forming a “digital ecosystem of trust”, developing culture and ethics).

Scientific novelty: for the first time, a university’s digital ecosystem is studied as an integral sociotechnical object with the properties of a complex system, in terms of comprehensive identification and management of cross-disciplinary risks at the intersection of economics, law and criminology. The author proposes integrating the concept of a “digital ecosystem of trust” with the apparatus of systemic economic theory and project management.

Practical significance: the conclusions and proposals can be used in university management to implement the digital transformation principles, create risk management and compliance systems, and in legislation to form a balanced legal framework that stimulates innovation in higher education while ensuring the safety and rights of subjects.

Objective: to cluster Russian regions based on two independent typologies (by the nature of SME participation in public procurement and by the macroeconomic profile) in order to identify regional heterogeneity and substantiate the need for a differentiated SME support policy.

Methods: to typologize regions by indicators of SME participation in procurement, we used the rule-based clustering and an upgraded version of agglomerative clustering, similar to CHAMELEON. The clustering according to macroeconomic conditions applied a k-means algorithm with subsequent expert correction. The analysis used data from the Unified Information System of Public Procurement and the Federal State Statistics Service for 2023 for Russian 85 subjects.

Results: the analysis identified five stable regional clusters of SME procurement activity and five clusters by macroeconomic profile. The economic structure of the region sets the fundamental framework, but does not predetermine the model of procurement activity. Regions with a similar economic profile exhibit opposite procurement patterns, which proves the significant independent role of the regional institutional environment and management policy.

Scientific novelty: for the first time in the Russian context, cluster analysis focused not on general SME indicators or the socio-economic condition of the region, but on specific indicators of SME participation in public procurement. The proposed methodology for separate analysis of SMEs’ procurement activity and the macroeconomic context allows distinguishing the influence of the economic structure from the influence of regional policy/ It also helps to identify regions where the potential for attracting SMEs to public procurement is implemented highly efficiently, rationally, or with low efficiency.

Practical significance: the obtained typology serves as the basis for a differentiated public procurement policy adapted to the specific features of each cluster of procurement activity and the business environment. The study results can be used in designing targeted measures to support SMEs and evaluating the effectiveness of existing incentives.

Objective: to develop and test a comprehensive methodology for identifying and analyzing behavioral distortions in the modern Russian stock market. The methodology aims to identify structural patterns in investor behavior and assess the impact of industry affiliation, volatility and asset liquidity on them.

Methods: the study is based on a quantitative analysis of daily trading data from the Moscow Stock Exchange (01.10.2023–30.09.2025) for a stratified sample of 34 stocks. To quantify behavioral distortions (the effect of disposition and loss aversion), Odean coefficient was calculated. K-means cluster analysis method followed by PCA visualization was used to identify implicit behavioral patterns and verify the results.

Results: it was established that the Russian market is not dominated by a single behavioral effect, but by a structural polarization: loss aversion prevails in the “protective” sectors (oil and gas, finance), while the disposition effect prevails in the “growth” and speculative sectors (IT, gold mining). A direct relationship between volatility and the strength of the disposition effect was confirmed. The clustering method identified eight stable behavioral profiles that highly accurately correspond to the industry affiliation of securities. This proves the systemic rather than random nature of the identified anomalies.

Scientific novelty: it consists in a comprehensive methodological approach combining the traditional calculation of Odean coefficient with modern machine learning methods (K-means cluster analysis). This allows not only testing hypotheses about the sectoral nature of behavioral distortions, but also identifying intersectoral heterogeneity. For the first time, intra-industry heterogeneity was identified for the financial sector due to differences in asset liquidity.

Practical significance: the proposed approach allows investors to adapt trading strategies to the behavioral profile of a particular sector and asset. The results can be used by regulators to develop measures to protect retail investors, as well as by issuers and brokers to better understand their audience and build effective communications.

Objective: to identify and analyze the technological, financial and organizational features of the use of biometric services by enterprises in the Russian economy.

Methods: general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis); case studies of the introduction of biometric services through GIS National Biometric System in 2024–2025; abstract-logical and correlation analysis of statistics of the Bank of Russia for the 1st quarter of 2024 – 2nd quarter of 2025; and a dialectical approach to considering biometrics as an evolving system.

Results: the research showed that the transition to a centralized model of working with biometric personal data through GIS National Biometric System and commercial biometric systems has formed the service architecture of the biometrics market in Russia. This architecture requires integration of software, hardware, information security and communication infrastructure at the levels of enterprises and macro-infrastructure. Correlation analysis of the statistical data of the Bank of Russia for 2024-2025 revealed a strong positive relationship between the dynamics of payments using biometrics with QR-code and mobile/Internet banking. The author interprets this as the inclusion of biometric payments in the general development of digital payment instruments in Russia.

Scientific novelty: the novelty of the work lies in the comprehensive characterization of the technological, organizational and financial configuration of the biometric services market in Russia under the centralization of working with personal databases. This allows considering biometrics not as an isolated innovation, but as a structural element of the digital service infrastructure. The author clarified the role of the service business model and system integrators as key nodes of the institutional and technological architecture of biometric solutions affecting the structure of transaction costs and operating costs of enterprises. The proposal is to interpret the dynamics of payments using biometrics by their statistically confirmed connection with other digital payment tools, regarding it as an indicator of the integration of biometrics into the economic agents’ daily practices.

Practical significance: the results will be useful for the development of the biometrics market in Russia, increasing its sustainability, as well as for interdisciplinary research using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods.

Objective: to substantiate the need to use mandatory reserves as a macroprudential tool to ensure financial stability.

Methods: the article uses statistical, theoretical-methodological, comparative methods, and qualitative analysis to explain the functional features of mandatory reserves as a tool for ensuring financial stability.

Results: the author identified the key characteristics of mandatory reserves as a tool of financial stability, reviewed the approaches of central banks of various countries, and described the practice of forming and regulating reserve requirements in Russia. The article analyzes the relationship between mandatory reserves, credit activity of banks and risks (interest rate, liquidity and currency risks). The author shows the influence of mandatory reserves on the frequency and scale of financial stress episodes and clarifies their interrelationships with the central bank’s interest rate and exchange rate
policies.

Scientific novelty: the research reveals the limitations of the Bank of Russia’s policy to ensure financial stability by using mandatory reserves as an anti-crisis tool. Under the growing market uncertainty, the author proposes that the Bank of Russia use mandatory reserves as a macroprudential instrument for regulating financial stability. This will provide an opportunity to curb excessive lending, reduce dependence on external financing, build liquidity reserves, and maintain a stable ruble exchange rate.

Practical significance: the work shows that price stability cannot be the only and sufficient condition for ensuring financial stability. Decisions on regulation of standards or coefficients of mandatory reserves averaging should always be primary relative to decisions on changing the key interest rate. This helps to better smooth out phase differences and the duration of fluctuations in the financial and business cycles during credit overheating or a liquidity crisis by regulating the standards and averaging coefficients of mandatory reserves. In addition, this allows ensuring a stable relationship between the volume of bank lending, production and the borrower’s creditworthiness; to influence credit activity, the volume of lending, the amount of interest rates on loans and deposits, the real exchange rate, and financial leverage on private capital inflows and outflows.

Objective: to study the international experience of using cryptocurrencies to overcome financial sanctions in the payment sector and the possibility of its application in international settlements in Russia.

Methods: to achieve the set objective, the article uses analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction. Analytical and statistical information from foreign financial institutions was used to assess the prospects for using cryptocurrencies in the payment sector in order to offset the negative effects of sanctions restrictions.

Results: the authors identify the supply and demand factors that determine the scale of introducing cryptocurrencies into the payment turnover of the sanctioned countries. Having analyzed Iran and Venezuela experience, they describe two models of using cryptocurrencies: state-controlled (Iran) and market-oriented (Venezuela), and show the limits of their effectiveness. They established that in Russia, the use of cryptocurrencies to overcome sanctions is limited by the high dependence on a centralized crypto infrastructure supervised by Western regulators and the lack of regulated channels for the input/output of fiat funds. The study proved that cryptocurrencies can act only as an auxiliary, rather than a systemic tool for diversifying cross-border settlements. Recommendations for the Bank of Russia on the regulation development include the integration of cryptocurrency service providers into the prudential supervision perimeter.

Scientific novelty: it consists in systematizing the international experience of using cryptocurrencies under sanctions and identifying on this basis two institutional models (Iranian and Venezuelan), differing in the degree of state control and the role of decentralized infrastructure. The authors proposed an approach to assessing the limits of cryptocurrencies’ applicability in cross-border settlements, taking into account not only regulatory but also infrastructural constraints, including dependence on centralized exchanges subject to sanctions regimes.

Practical significance: the developed recommendations can be used by the Bank of Russia in forming the regulatory framework for cryptocurrency settlements under the experimental legal regime, as well as in making decisions regarding the use of cryptocurrencies in cross-border transactions and foreign economic transactions.

Objective: to analyze foreign legislation on the collective labor rights of gig workers (Australia, New Zealand, and some Asian countries) and its reception in Russian legislation.

Methods: dialectical method; a complex of general (system analysis, synthesis, classification, generalization, induction, deduction) and special (specific historical, formal legal, comparative legal) scientific methods of cognition.

Results: the author studied foreign experience of the legal regulation of collective labor relations in Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Japan and other countries and substantiated proposals on settling collective labor rights of gig workers in the labor legislation of Russia. These include the following: expanding the area of legal regulation in the Federal Law of January 12, 1996, No. 10-FZ “On trade unions, their rights and performance guarantees” in terms of extending its effect to trade union memberships of gig workers (by analogy with the approaches developed in the legislation and practice of Indonesia and Japan); improving the conceptual framework of the Russian labor legislation (participant in collective bargaining, parties to a collective agreement, representatives employees and employers, etc.).

Scientific novelty: for the first time in the science of labor law, a conceptual idea was expressed to expand the scope of Russian labor law in terms of regulating the collective labor rights of gig workers and to endow them with the right to join trade unions, conduct collective bargaining, and eventually conclude collective agreements with operators or partners of digital labor platforms.

Practical significance: the formulated proposals are aimed at improving the Russian Labor Code, the Federal Law “On trade unions, their rights and performance guarantees”, and other regulatory legal acts regarding the expansion of collective labor rights of gig workers.

Objective: to identify the main trends, patterns and factors affecting the number of registered cybercrimes and their detection rate by analyzing the state of crime in the Russian Federation from January 2022 to September 2025.

Methods: the article uses the universal dialectical method of cognition, as well as general (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and specific (formal-legal) scientific research methods.

Results: analysis of statistical data on registered cybercrimes for 2022–2025 revealed the following patterns. In the first quarter of 2025 and throughout the full years 2023 and 2024, there was a steady increase in the number of cybercrimes compared to the same period of previous years. At the same time, crime detection rates are annually high in January of each year. This is due to a combination of organizational, procedural, and seasonal factors: intensive law enforcement activities; peculiarities of statistical accounting and redistribution of resources under a decrease in other types of crime. Positive observations were a slight slowdown in the growth rate of cybercrimes in the second quarter of 2025 (indicators at the level of the second quarter of 2024) and a significant decrease in the third quarter of 2025 (–15 % in July 2025 and almost –24 % in August–September compared to June 2025). Based on six months, one cannot talk about breaking a trend of increased number of cybercrimes. However, this allows concluding that there is a signal in favor of such a break. The authors note that the reduction coincided with the changes in federal legislation. They stipulated the bases for the creation and functioning of the State Information System for countering offenses committed using information and communication technologies.

Scientific novelty: the article presents a detailed analysis of the dynamics of registered cybercrimes and their detection, indicating the seasonality factors. The launch of an interagency cybercrime counteraction platform coincided with a decrease in the number of registered cybercrimes.

Practical significance: the results can be used to improve criminal and criminal-procedural legislation, regulation in the field of operational investigative activities, to increase the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies, and to predict the state of cybercrime.

Objective: to develop new approaches to the transformation of the territorial paradigm of jurisdiction in international public and private law under digitalization.

Methods: the research is based on general scientific methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, system approach, modeling), as well as an interdisciplinary (convergent) approach, which allowed integrating the categorical apparatus of international public and private law.

Results: the study proved that it is impossible to solve conflict-of-laws and jurisdictional problems of private international law in the digital age without referring to the basic categories of public international law (sovereignty, territory, etc.). The author identified and disclosed a causal relationship between the extraterritorial claims of some states and the retaliatory protectionist policies of others (data localization laws), which is a key impetus for the cyberspace fragmentation (“Balkanization”). It is established that law faces a transition from rigid territorial criteria (“place of execution”, “place of harm”) to flexible assessment categories (“close connection”). The research proved that the territorial paradigm is not abolished, but is adapted by forming legal fictions that “bind” national segments of cyberspace (domain zones, infrastructure) to a state territory. The author showed the inconsistency of recognizing cyberspace as a global public domain similar to the open sea under technological monopoly and geopolitical rivalry.

Scientific novelty: a convergent approach was developed that allows studying the jurisdiction transformation as a consolidated process affecting both public and private international law. The concept of adapting the territorial paradigm was substantiated, which manifests itself not in its abolition, but in the parallel development of two processes: the “grounding" of virtual space through legal fictions and the formation of a new “virtual contour” of extraterritorial jurisdiction. The author proves the decisive role of the state-centric approach and the policy of digital sovereignty as opposed to the model of multistakeholderism. The study also provides a new assessment of the trend of establishing jurisdiction based on “close connection” in private international law and identifies its risks based on legal certainty.

Practical significance: the research results can be used to develop national and international policies based on a state-centered Internet management model; the identified trends (extraterritorial claims, technological monopoly) can be used to predict and prevent threats and develop preventive measures aimed at shaping strategic cyberspace management policies.