Objective: to consider the use of legislative decision-making mechanisms in the Russian Federation as a tool of economic regulation on the basis of quantitative data of LAWSTREAM.RU database and to confirm or refute the hypothesis that the failures in the GDP growth dynamics encourage the state regulator to intensify rulemaking.Methods: abstract-logical method, comparison, correlation analysis.Results: the mechanism of legislative decision-making can and should be considered as a tool for the economic regulation policy implementation. The effectiveness of reforms is determined by the way in which the government, as the regulatory body of the economic system, uses the existing mechanisms of legislative decision-making in the field of economic regulation. The paper analyzes the institutional aspects of economic reforms. The authors compare the quantitative dynamics of the law drafts in the sphere of economic relations submitted to the State Duma and adopted by it, and the dynamics of the Russian GDP growth in 1994-2018. The correlation is shown between the macroeconomic situation and the legislative activity of the President and government in economic sphere; the hypothesis is confirmed about the influence of the GDP growth on the President and government’s legislative activity in the sphere of economy and finance regulation in case of sharply negative GDP values. It is established that the peak of the state regulator’s activity in the regulatory sphere is the system reaction to shock, expressed in a sharp drop in GDP growth.Scientific novelty: the article is the first attempt to compare the quantitative indicators of the adopted law drafts in the sphere of economy regulation and the GDP dynamics.Practical significance: the results obtained by the authors are useful for describing the model of legislative influence of the Russian executive authorities on the economic environment, taking into account the current macroeconomic indicators.

Objective: to develop recommendations for improving the EAEU policy in the field of excise duties harmonization based on comparative characteristics of the types of harmonization policies applied in the EU and the EAEU.Methods: general methods of cognition (deduction and induction, analysis and synthesis, description and generalization) and specific scientific methods of cognition (comparison method, tabular and graphical method of data representation) were used. Results: the actively developing processes of globalization, international integration and digitalization cause the need to update and adapt national tax systems. At the same time, the global practice and theory of taxation demonstrate the absence of a unified approach to the harmonization of taxation, especially with regard to indirect taxation. In order to assess the mechanisms of tax harmonization, specific features of the policy of harmonization of excise taxes applied in the EU and the EAEU are considered, which, in particular, include the issues of harmonization of objects of taxation (excisable goods), tax base, tax rates and the mechanism of tax procedures. The effects and risks of the non-restrictive policy of the European Union and the restrictive excise policy of the EAEU are analyzed. The assessment of the actual results of harmonization in the integration associations under consideration allowed determining the priority areas of harmonization in the Eurasian space by using mixed-type policies.Scientific novelty: it consists in the development of theoretical and methodological foundations for the formation of a coherent excise policy within the Eurasian Economic Union, based on the advantages and disadvantages of two types of harmonization policies (restrictive and non-restrictive) and taking into account the existing practical experience of their implementation. Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific and pedagogical activities when considering issues of excise taxation, as well as in determining the priority directions of the tax system development of the Russian Federation.

Objective: to estimate the new generation of contracts (IPC, IOC) in the initial sector of oil industry and to compare them with previos contracts of other types used by the global producers in this sector.Methods: dialectical, comparative, descriptive, abstract-logical, and the method of system analysis.Results: in Iran of the post-sanctions period, the new model oil contracts (IPC) are becoming increasingly attractive to foreign investors. Under certain conditions, foreign oil company acquire the opportunity to reserve stocks, but foreign companies still cannot own oil deposits. One of the key advantages of the new contracts is the possibility to intensify development, search and optimal exploitation of oil and gas deposits, and to increase the coefficient of oil and gas extraction. The article presents a general characteristics of the new oil contracts, identifies the key spheres of their application. The key problems are systematized, related to the previous buy-back regime, which are either concealed in the new contract model, or information is insufficient for complete comprehension of the supposed risk distribution, such as the issues of buyback, commercialization, management, etc. The main advantages of the new integrated oil contracts are identified, such as: cost reimbursement, more complicated price structure, and transition to the model of a joint venture, as well as the advantages of the new contracts compared to buy-back contracts.Scientific novelty: the article presents a comparative analysis of the new integrated oil contracts in Iran and buyback contracts, and systematizes the key advantages and disadvantages of the new contracts.Practical significance: the research results can be used in scientific and academic activity of universities, as well as by state authorities when elaborating state policy in the sphere of oil production and processing.

Objective: to consider sustainable development of a region with mining as predominant economic activity through the prism of the relationship between technological and environmental aspects; to determine the impact of technological development of the coal-mining region on its sustainable development.Methods: the methods of statistical observation, summarizing and grouping of statistical observation materials, the method of analogy, as well as analytical and synthetic methods of analysis were used.Results: the level of technological development and environmental safety has a significant impact on almost all spheres of life, especially in the regions where economic growth is based on mining enterprises. In these conditions, it is of particular importance to assess the relationship between the development of the region specializing in mining, and the level of its technological and environmental development. To this end, on the basis of statistical data, the article assesses the state of technical, technological and environmental components of the coal-mining region (by the example of Kemerovo region), determines their role in improving regional competitiveness and ensuring sustainable development. The specific features and problems of coal industry technologization are revealed, the prospects of its development are determined, the experience of foreign countries is considered. It is established that the technical and technological state of the raw materials sector of Kemerovo region is a threat to regional sustainable development and does not contribute to the increase of its competitive advantages. Among the factors constraining the development of the technical and technological sphere and, as a consequence, the increase in environmental safety, are: high technological inertia of mining enterprises, low-efficiency owner, significant dependence on imports of production means, detachment of the state from the processes of withdrawal and redistribution of raw materials rent.Scientific novelty: increasing the technological level of coal industry through the creation and use of safe, environmentally friendly technologies designed to minimize environmental harm is recognized as the basis for sustainable development of a coal-mining region.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions can be used in the development of regional scientific, technical and environmental policies and programs of socio-economic development of territories.

Objective: to disclosure of conceptual aspects of the competence of managing an employee’s economic security from the viewpoint of developing one’s knowledge of labor activity.Methods: to achieve the goal and solve the set tasks, we used elements of dialectical, system, competence approaches and, accordingly, methods of system analysis and synthesis, the method of formalization, and the principle of development. Results: under digitalization of economic processes, the increased role of competencies and skills of personnel, the problem of threat to economic security of employees is aggravated. At the same time, human capital becomes the leading resource in the knowledge economy. Based on the analysis of the theoretical provisions of labor theory, as well as aspects of the theory of human capital and knowledge management, the concept of knowledge of the employee's own labor activity (KEOLA) is formulated. In the context of the existing trends of understanding the phenomenon of economic security and the theory of marginal utility, as well as the proposed KEOLA concept, the notion of economic security of an employee is formulated. It is determined that KEOLA develops in the process of labor activity of an individual, and the vector of development depends on the conditions of labor experience acquisition. A modern employee must learn to manage the utility of one’s own knowledge, which is understood as KEOLA moving from the state of quasi-formalized to para-formalized knowledge in the aspect of determining its general and ultimate utility. It is established that the ability to control the knowledge utility increases through knowledge formalization. Scientific novelty: for the first time, the article reveals the conceptual aspects of the competence management of economic security of an employee from the viewpoint of KEOLA development in the aspect of general and marginal utility of one’s knowledge, which is especially important in the context of current trends of economy digitalization and employment robotization. Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used, first, for the further theoretical development of substantive aspects of competence of economic security management of an employee, and second, as targets in the training of modern specialists as competent employment actors under knowledge economy.

Objective: to formulate the principles of reforming the industry and to identify the relationship between the universities reorganization and the indicators of socio-economic development of a region.Methods: questionnaires, in-depth interviews, econometric modeling, supplementation of Balatsky model.Results: the theoretical framework of the current reforms in the sphere of national higher education is, on the one hand, the concept of new public management (NPM), which assumes the implementation of market mechanisms in the management of universities, and on the other hand, the trends and development conditions of knowledge economy - the modern stage of post-industrial society. The article presents the results of the analysis of approaches to the NPM concept, identifies its essential characteristics, as well as features of implementation in the system of higher education, identifies the main causes and vectors of transformations in higher education. In the context of the analyzed scientific works in the modern Western and Russian discourse, much attention is given to the “third mission” of university. Theoretical developments in interrelation between higher education reforms and social and economic development of the region are considered. The results are presented of analysis of organizational change and evaluation of the contribution of the reformed universities in the regional economy by the example of Rostov region, obtained from questionnaires and in-depth interviews and using a modified Balatsky model. Conclusions about the problems of the reforms from the viewpoint of teaching and managing personnel of the reformed universities are formulated. Scientific novelty: the conceptual conclusions of the authors allow supplementing the original institutional theory in the field of the relationship between institutional changes and economic development, including the proposed application of Balatsky model for quantitative metrics of the resulting effects of changes in higher education in the socio-economic development of a region. Practical significance: the research results have potential application in the development of reforms in the framework of the action plan (roadmap) of the government of the Russian Federation “Changes in social sphere aimed at improving the efficiency of education and science”.

Objective: to analyze institutional changes in higher education which form the modern labor market; to identify the factors of forming precariat with higher education.Methods: econometric modeling (logit- and probit regression models).Results: precariat and its institutionalized forms are an important factor of socio-economic development. The phenomenon of precariat makes researchers in social sciences change approaches to the analysis of employment and changes in working conditions, and rethink the traditional models associated with labor relations, both in economic theory and in sociology. The paper identifies the main factors of precariatization of labor resources, including the growth of informal employment, the development of technology, the decline in the role of trade unions, as well as the policy of companies to reduce costs and transfer them to employees. In the context of the analyzed scientific works in the modern Western and Russian discourse, it is also determined that precariat is also formed under negative trends in higher education, such as the bureaucratization of educational processes, leading to a shift of values from professionalism to the achievement of performance indicators of educational institutions. It is found that precariatization trends also include normalization of unstable work, marketization and introduction of competitive mechanisms in the public sector. The main reasons are determined which hinder the effective balance in the labor market between the needs of employers and the distribution of budget places. Based on econometric modeling and determining the main factors which affect the probability of entering the group of precariates with higher edu- cation (GRP per capita; unemployment rate, type of settlement, as well as gender, marital status, children under 18 years of age and work experience), the authors identified those which best reflect the probability of entering the group of precariates. Scientific novelty: consists in identifying the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of precarization in Russia in the context of technological and institutional changes, as well as in assessing the impact of the identified factors on the prob- ability of entering the group of precariat with higher education.

Objective: to identify the features in distribution of residual property rights in the social sector of the economy by the example of higher education.Methods: literature analysis, methods and models of new institutional economic theory, primarily contract theory.Results: the existing models of social sector management are reviewed. The strategies of employees’ behavior, set by these models, are shown. On this basis, various options for the distribution of residual property rights in the higher education management system are analyzed. It is shown that even with the dominant role of the state, a part of these rights can be delegated to other subjects - the professional community or consumers of educational services. It is concluded that the reforms currently implemented in Russia contribute to the consolidation of residual rights in the Ministry of Science and Higher Education with the possibility of their partial subsequent transfer to employers.Scientific novelty: models of the social sector management are considered from the viewpoint of distribution of residual property rights, which allows in each case to allocate subjects that can influence the process of producing socially significant goods. Practical significance: the results obtained can be used in assessing the effectiveness of the state policy in the field of education.

Objective: to develop an approach to assess the regional economic security indicators by supplementing them with socio- demographic factors and actualization of socio-demographic threats to the level of a certain region by assessing the probabilities of implementing social development scenarios in the region.Methods: general scientific methods of cognition were used in the research process; demographic threats to economic security were identified on the basis of regression analysis of secondary information (Rosstat data); the probability of implementing social development scenarios was estimated using the expert-statistical Bayesian method based on the data of the expert survey conducted by the authors.Results: the issues of economic security are widely covered in the scientific literature of recent years. However, the assessment of economic security practically ignores the social and demographic factors of its provision, which, meanwhile, have a significant impact on the development of territories. The paper identifies the need to develop a system of indicators that take into account the impact of social and demographic factors on the economic security of a territory. Based on the regression analysis conducted in 77 regions of the Russian Federation, a significant relationship between demographic processes and social well-being of the region was established, which allowed identifying the demographic threats to economic security. For each threat, events were described, and a priori and a posteriori chances of events were calculated with an expert survey method by the example of the Omsk region. As a result of the study, we propose estimations of the probability of social development scenarios of the region, where the considered demographic problems have shown high relevance, since all scenarios have chances significantly different from zero, while the most likely is the movement in the direction of “society of universal risk” (35%).Scientific novelty: given the variety of approaches to the definition and assessment of economic security, only a limited list of techniques is institutionalized, which does not always contribute to the timely prevention of threats. The study proposes to supplement the system of regional economic security indicators with a list of social and demographic factors. Also, we propose a method of social and demographic threats actualization at the level of a certain region by assessing the probabilities of the social development scenarios implementation on the basis of an expert survey.Practical significance: the results obtained can be used as recommendations for regional authorities in the assessment and development of measures for the timely prevention of social and demographic threats to regional economic security.

Objective: to identify the upward and downward waves of production cycle in the Perm region municipalities and to characterize fluctuations using the production function model.Methods: economic and mathematical modeling, correlation and regression analysis, time series analysis.Results: statistically significant models are constructed characterizing the dynamics of the volume of shipped goods of own production, works and services performed, for each municipality and the Perm region as a whole; the trend and cyclic component of each time series are identified; the production cycle duration is determined. Statistically significant production functions are constructed; the main indicators of labor and capital resources efficiency are defined; their values’ dynamics is analyzed in the context of the revealed cyclic fluctuations. The resources efficiency indicators, calculated by means of production function, showed that the amount of the produced goods in the Perm region municipalities is most influenced by labor resources consumption. It is found that the fluctuations of average and marginal efficiency of resource use, as well as the replacement rate, include a cyclic component, which is synchronized with a one-year lag with the cyclic fluctuations in the volume of shipped goods of own production, works and services performed.Scientific novelty: the combination of cyclicity analysis and production function modeling to identify the factors that have the greatest impact on the economic development of the Perm region municipalities. This aspect forms the novelty of the work, which consists in substantiated disclosure of trends in the economic development of the Perm region municipalities, based on economic and mathematical modeling.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions can be used by regional authorities in the development of the state regional anticyclical policy to ensure the coherence of regulatory measures and the formation of the necessary conditions for sustainable economic development of the Kama region.

Objective: to create a legal mechanism for unification of the legal norms regulating the commercial operation of maritime transport.Methods: historical-legal, formal-logical, systemic, comparative-legal, statistical methods.Results: the relevance of the topic is due to the importance of the development of specific legal relations in maritime transport and the need to understand the inseparability of coastal infrastructure and transportation-technological port complexes for the commercial shipping development. The paper deals with the problem of limiting the entry of commercial ships to sea ports and the need to find an optimal mechanism for documenting the arrival of merchant ships in foreign ports. The authors set the task to analyze the historical background of the principle of free access to seaports and the development of seaports legal regime. The study was based on international-legal and national-legal norms of various states, as well as judicial practice. The authors studied the work of International Law Institute for the unification of international norms regulating the regime of vessels in foreign ports, considered the provisions of the Convention and Statute on the international regime of maritime ports, and the rules of national law of foreign states. It is concluded that the established custom for foreign vessels to entry sea trade ports is by recognizing them to be open ports. Scientific novelty: it is connected not only with the justification of the right of the state as a sovereign to establish general rules of navigation and mooring of ships in seaports and approaches to them, but also with the analysis of the current situation complicated by the sanctions policy of some states. In this article, the authors came to the conclusion that the optimal mechanism for improving and optimizing foreign economic relations in the field of maritime law can be the unification of legal norms governing the commercial operation of maritime transport, in particular when registering the arrival of merchant ships in seaports.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when studying the issues related to commercial shipping.

Objective: to identify and describe the main topics discussed by moderators and visitors of sites dedicated to the topic of AUE1 in “VKontakte” social network, to classify the techniques used by moderators to reduce the level of critical perception of the information offered to adolescents. Methods: dialectical approach to the cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in the historical development and functioning in the context of a set of objective and subjective factors, which determined the choice of the following research methods: formal-logical, comparative-legal, sociological methods.Results: using intent-analysis of more than six thousand extracts from the sites dedicated to AUE in “VKontakte” social network, the author identified five main methods used by the moderators: 1) substitution of traditional values with the criminal world ideology; 2) promotion of sociopathic attitudes; 3) forcing the user to register on the site; 4) promotion of aggressive behavior; 5) development of persistent ironic, negative attitude towards representatives of the law-enforcement system. With the help of content analysis, ten main themes (plots) presented on AUE sites are identified: 1) the value of wealth and health (one’s own and relatives’); 2) promotion of a healthy lifestyle; 3) gratitude to parents, God, people around; 4) life path, fate, forgiveness; 5) love, loyalty and hatred; 6) honor and dignity; 7) combating, struggling for the first place in life and one’s values; 8) relationship between sexual behavior, love and money; 9) life choices and mistakes;10) criminal customs.Scientific novelty: for the first time, the article considers the role of moderators of groups and sites devoted to the subject of AUE, describes the main methods of their work, allowing to form clear sociopathic, anti-legal attitudes among visitors of sites, to change the system of values; the main topics are listed and analyzed that are repeated in almost all groups and sites with stable correlations.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law- enforcement activities when considering and studying the issues related to the improvement of the crime prevention system.

 

Note:
The international social movement “Arrestantskoye ugolovnoye edinstvo” is on the list of social associations and religious organizations, in respect of which the court has issued a final and binding decision on liquidation or prohibition of activity on the grounds provided for by the Federal Law of 25.07.2002 No. 114-FZ “On countering extremist activity”; the movement is recognized as extremist (decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 17.08.2020 and additional decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 02.10.2020) (information published on 29.10.2020);
https://minjust.gov.ru/ru/documents/7822/

 

Hard forks. The first tax is levied on the profit made from the receipt of forked coins, and the second tax is levied on the profit made from the disposition of forked coins. At the same time, a concrete proposal is provided for the applicable coin valuation, tax basis, holding period, and tax rate for the two prongs. The proposed framework is closest to the nature of cryptocurrency hard forks and considers various practical concerns, such as the inefficiency of the cryptocurrency market, the indirect possession of forked coins through third-party exchanges, and the fluctuating trading prices of forked coins when determining the valuation, tax basis, and holding period. This proposal not only provides clarity for taxpayers in filing tax returns and fulfilling tax obligations, but it also relieves the potential tax deferral and tax evasion problems that arise after a cryptocurrency hard fork. Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to taxation regime of cryptocurrency hard forks.

Objective: to reveal and study the problems of legal regulation of online platforms for placement, search and short-term rental of private housing around the world, like Airbnb.Methods: dialectical approach to the cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in the historical development and functioning in the context of a set of objective and subjective factors, which determined the choice of the following research methods: formal-legal, comparative-legal, sociological.Results: New York City regulators have vigorously resisted the rise of Airbnb as an alternative to traditional hotels, characterizing “home sharing” as a trend that is sucking up permanent housing in a city already facing an affordability crisis. However, laws banning short-term rentals have done little to discourage this practice, as Airbnb’s policy of keeping user information private makes it possible for illegal operators to evade law enforcement. Frustrated by this power imbalance, the New York City Council passed Local Law 146, which requires Airbnb to provide city officials with access to the names and information of its home sharing hosts on a monthly basis to assist with law enforcement efforts. Airbnb claims that the ordinance is a flagrant violation of its own privacy rights and the rights of its customers.Scientific novelty: the article substantiates that Local Law 146 became the culmination of the regulatory struggle over Airbnb in New York City, but it is also a flash point for government data-collection efforts generally. Because of the massive potential of using private companies’ data to aid in law enforcement efforts, the implementation of data-collection statutes could be an attractive policing tool. Using Local Law 146 as a lens, this Note examines the privacy issues implicated by data- collection laws and discusses which parties can assert these privacy rights, particularly given recent changes in third-party doctrine jurisprudence. Ultimately, this Note concludes that, while the outcome of Airbnb’s challenge to Local Law 146 will be an important indicator, the suit will not resolve the question of whether individual Airbnb hosts could successfully challenge this law without the support of the company. Individual challenges to sweeping data-collection statutes could be the next frontier in breaking down the third- party doctrine’s barrier to Fourth Amendment protections.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when studying the issues related to legal regulation of online platforms for placement, search and short-term rental of private housing around the world, like Airbnb.

Objective: to familiarize a wide range of readers with the results of the International scientific and practical conference “Counteracting right abuse: theory, practice, technique (10th Babayev Readings)” held on May 23-24, 2019 in Nizhny Novgorod. Methods: dialectical approach to the cognition of social phenomena determined the following research methods: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods.Results: the provisions of the main reports of scientists speaking at the conference are described (V. M. Baranov, R. B. Golovkin, I. V. Ilyin, P. A. Kabanov, S. V. Kabyshev, S. V. Kodan, N. A. Kolokolov, S. A. Komarov and B. A. Revnov, A. V. Petryanin, M. P. Polyakov, S. B. Polyakov, R. A. Romashov, V. A. Tolstik, O. D. Tretyakova and I. L. Petrova), which refer to the problems of ambiguous understanding in domestic jurisprudence of the phenomenon of “right abuse” and various ways to counteract this negative social and legal phenomenon. The conference participants refined the doctrinal understanding of abuse and concluded that the proper usage of diverse law-making, interpretational and law-enforcement technical and legal ways to counteract right abuse will enable, on the one hand, to minimize the prevalence of this negative social phenomenon, and on the other hand, to appropriately react to it when it occurs.Scientific novelty: the issues of counteracting right abuse in the context of theory, practice and legal technique in the Russian Federation were discussed at the international level for the first time. As a result, a variety of forms of the analyzed negative social and legal phenomenon were identified, as well as the most effective technical and legal ways to counteract it. Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical, law-making, inter-pretational and law-enforcement activities while considering and studying the issues related to the improvement of crime prevention.

Objective: to assess the author’s vision of the role of blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies in the sphere of developing, functioning and regulating monetary-credit systems.Methods: dialectical method and system approach, general scientific methods of analytical comprehension of a research work (analysis and synthesis, generalization, comparison, abstraction, modeling, etc.).Results: the author’s vision of the problems of monetary-credit system evolution in the global economy and the role of central banks in their functioning is considered. The depth of study of the material and extensive historiographic analysis conducted by S. A. Andryushin are emphasized. The reviewer estimates the classification of the stages of monetary-credit systems development, from their origin till present. By the example of different countries, preconditions of financial and economic crises are identified, which occur within functioning of centralized monetary-credit systems. The leading line of the research is decentralized monetary-credit system, which, according to the author, is the solution to financial and economic crises. In the author’s opinion, this can be achieved with the help of digital currencies, smart contracts, the Internet, asymmetric cryptography, mathematical algorithms and consensus algorithms, as well as public or private (closed or limited with user access) blockchain technology with open source. The reviewer emphasizes the apparent importance of this publication, as it contains both research of the discussion about the role of blockchain and cryptocurrencies regulation in the economies of different countries, and substantiation of the fact that in the nearest perspective all national monetary-credit systems will change their monetary and credit paradigms cardinally, transferring from centralized to decentralized platforms, protocols and services. This is supposed to be te key objective and relevance of the book.Scientific novelty: For the first time the assessment of S. A. Andryushin’s book “Monetary systems: from origins to crypto-currencies” is given; the work is undoubtedly important for comprehending the features of monetary-credit systems under economy digitalization. The prospects of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies for stabilizing the international currency system are estimated, as well as possible risks which may occur due to circulation of bitcoins or altcoins according to the rules and mechanisms not relevant to their nature. Practical significance: the reviewer highlights that the book by S. A. Andryushin can be useful to top managers directly involved in implementation and regulation of the country’s monetary-credit policy, as well as to specialists involved in implementation of financial technologies in the banking sector, in particular, in the sphere of network systems, online retail, internet payments, smart contracts, ICO, stock trade, marketplace, and crowd funding.

Objective: to assess the completeness and quality of the dissertation research carried out by I. A. Efremova on “Institute of exemption from punishment in the theory of criminal law, legislative and judicial practice”.Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in their historical development and functioning, which contributed to applying the following research methods: logical, formal-legal, system, analytical, comparative-legal, sociological.Results: the theoretical model of convicts release from criminal punishment formed by the author is analyzed; the assessment is given of the regularities, tendencies and dependences established by the applicant, and of the new knowledge on the institute of release from criminal punishment and its norms.Scientific novelty: the advantages and disadvantages of the dissertation research are revealed; it is established that the dissertation research is an independent, complete scientific and qualification work, representing an advance in science and making a significant contribution to the development of the criminal policy of the state, including the doctrine of exemption from punishment.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions set out in the review can be used in scientific, pedagogical, law- making, and law-enforcement activities when considering the application and improvement of the institution of exemption of convicts from criminal punishment.

Objective: to assess the completeness and quality of the dissertation research carried out by I. A. Efremova on “Institute of exemption from punishment in the theory of criminal law, legislative and judicial practice”.Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in their historical development and functioning, which contributed to applying the following research methods: logical, formal-legal, system, analytical, comparative-legal, sociological.Results: the theoretical model of convicts release from criminal punishment formed by the author is analyzed; the assessment is given of the regularities, tendencies and dependences established by the applicant, and of the new knowledge on the institute of release from criminal punishment and its norms.Scientific novelty: the advantages and disadvantages of the dissertation research are revealed; it is established that the dissertation research is an independent, complete scientific and qualification work, representing an advance in science and making a significant contribution to the development of the criminal policy of the state, including the doctrine of exemption from punishment.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions set out in the review can be used in scientific, pedagogical, law- making, and law-enforcement activities when considering the application and improvement of the institution of exemption of convicts from criminal punishment.

Objective: to describe the structure of social capital and the influence of institutional factors on its formation in the frame-work of the concept of atomism.Methods: abstract-logical and dialectical methods.Results: the key link of social capital networks is considered to be a person as an atom, the primary subject, who is the owner and user of social capital. The main structural elements of a person as an atom of social capital are highlighted in terms of their interactions with other economic subjects.Scientific novelty: the notion of the atom of social capital is introduced; by describing the key areas of human interactions with other people (exchanging benefits through transactions and changes in the level of trust after each episode of interaction), the following structural elements of social capital were allocated: 1) personality characteristics related to nationality, citizenship, and religion; 2) ancestral and family ties; 3) needs, characteristics of labor activity, property relations, in which people are involved. It is shown that the process of social capital accumulation is limited by formal and informal rules in the form of an institutional environment in which a person lives and works as an atom of social capital.Practical significance: the presented vision of social capital will reduce the level of uncertainty for economic subjects in terms of building interactions with counterparties. The results of the article can be used in the formation of state policy in relation to commercial, state and municipal organizations.