Objective: to analyze the expected economic transformations in the 21st century in various countries of the world. Methods: abstract-logical method, methods of modeling of socio-economic self-organization, methods of long-term forecasting of world dynamics, theory of institutional matrices.

Results: based on the performed analysis, the following conclusions are made: 1) in the coming decades, a complex continuum of types, transitions, combinations and forms of economic structures will be observed in the world (with an increase in the proportion of post-industrial forms). At the same time, there will be a shift towards strengthening distributive institutions in developed countries and a shift towards strengthening market institutions in developing countries that continue the processes of economic and socio-political modernization; 2) the process of internationalization of the labor force will be intensified (due to the development of remote employment) along with the internationalization of capital; 3) a new technological wave (2030s – 2070s) will bring new resources and expand the sphere for production and services, which will support economic growth in both developed and developing countries; 4) at the same time in some areas, in particular in medicine, a very significant regulation of economic activity is inevitable, while in other areas, in particular in robotics, economic mechanisms of a market-corporate type may strengthen; 5) thus, the most important task in the coming decades is to increase the flexibility of socio-economic development of all countries of the world, namely, gaining the ability to regulate the ratio of market and distribution mechanisms depending on the spheres of activity and tasks to be solved without the pressure of ideological dogmas.

Scientific novelty: based on the historical trends analysis using the theory of institutional matrices, a forecast of economic transformations in the 21st century is made for the countries of various types and the expected features of these transformations are substantiated.

Practical significance: the proposed methods of long-term forecasting can be used in strategic planning systems in the Russian Federation.

Objective: to improve approaches to forming a strategy for the development of a national innovation system.

Methods: the work uses a set of methods and approaches, such as the system economic theory, the space-time analysis and

synthesis.

Results: the results of the implementation of the Strategy of Innovative Development of the Russian Federation until 2020 was analyzed, which enabled to formulate conclusions about the low efficiency of the results of its implementation. The essence of the national innovation ecosystem and the approaches to its formation were determined. The necessity of applying the ecosystem approach in the formation of the national innovation system is substantiated, recommendations on the system economic theory application in building an integrated national innovation ecosystem are presented. An approach to the organization of the national innovation system as a quadruple helix is proposed, which will ensure the connectivity of its components. The analysis of the possibilities of using digital technologies to develop innovative connections based on ecosystem principles is carried out.

Scientific novelty: it consists in the application of systemic economic theory and ecosystem principles that allow taking into account the institutional and socio-economic conditions specific to Russia for the development of the national innovation system.

Practical significance: the research results presented in the article can be used to create a strategy for the innovative development of the Russian Federation for the future, as well as for the development of the national innovation system as a whole.

Objective: to develop the conceptual provisions and conceptual-categorical apparatus of a human-oriented economy by developing approaches to the definition of a human-oriented economy and determining the universal and specifi  characteristics of the phenomenon under study.

Methods: content analysis, the method of formal logic, the method of two-level triadic decryption of categories.

Results: the discrepancy was revealed between the existing theoretical approaches to human-oriented economy and the socioeconomic relations resulting from the increasing role of human needs associated with human development; the conceptual and categorical apparatus of the human-oriented economy was constructed through the synthesis of two methods: formal logic and two-level triadic decoding of the category; the understanding of the necessary (satisfaction of human needs) and sufficient (objective necessity of human needs) conditions for the development of a human-oriented economy was revealed; two levels of triads of concepts characterizing the essence of a human-centered economy are defined: human nature (biological, cognitive, social), resources (human, material, informational), goods (products, services, ideas).

Scientific novelty: the article constructs the new definition of a “human-oriented economy”, which unlike those available in the literature allows complete interpretation of this concept, covering its fundamental qualitative characteristics.

Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be widely used in scientific activity in order to develop the conceptual apparatus of a human-oriented economy, as well as to form a holistic scientifically subtantiated theory of human-oriented economy. The results obtained are the starting point for the formation of approaches designed to determine the level of development of the human-centered economy in Russia in order to develop a set of measures for its effective management.

Objective: to identify the main features of the impact of the intellectual property institute on the Russian innovation system development using the analysis of theoretical studies and narratives on the impact of intellectual property on innovations.

Methods: qualitative methods of analysis of institutions (narrative analysis), analysis of statistical data.

Results: the difference between the traditional, mixed and heterodox approaches to substantiating or criticizing the intellectual property institute is shown. To illustrate the ideas of each of the selected approaches, relevant examples of narratives are given, which describe the impact of intellectual property on innovative activity. Based on the study of the global experience in overcoming problems related to intellectual property, it is shown that many countries have long been taking measures to limit the validity of foreign patents in order to support the innovative activity of national enterprises. The analysis of narratives also demonstrates the existence of a typical narrative about the rejection of international patents in the field of medicines production and medical technologies, justified by the state’s concern for the health and safety of the population. Scientific novelty: it consists in applying the methodology of narrative economics to the analysis of intellectual property and its role in the Russian innovation system.

Practical significance: the main provisions of the article can be used to review the inefficiency of the existing intellectual property institute and to propose promising ways to reform it.

Objective: to analyze the transformations in the Russian manufacturing industry associated with the massive renewal of the material and technical base of the machine-building sector.

Methods: the article uses empirical, logical, comparative and statistical methods of analysis.

Results: under the new sanctions, mechanical engineering, primary machine-building, should become the main area of transformations in the Russian industry, functioning on a new technological basis. The article analyzes the Russian machinebuilding sector and the development strategy of the manufacturing industry for the period up to 2035; the sources of financing of the Russian manufacturing industry are investigated; the current state of development of the Russian manufacturing sectors for January-March 2022 is shown; the anti-crisis measures of the Bank of Russia in the context of new economic sanctions are analyzed; a package of additional measures is considered related to the relief of credit overheating, accounts payable and receivables at Russian industrial enterprises in the short-, mediumand long-term.

Scientific novelty: under the large-scale restructuring of the Russian economy, the Bank of Russia needs to switch to the nominal GDP targeting mode, to carry out the denomination of settlements and payments for export products in rubles tied to the target price of gold as a standard of value; to minimize and mitigate the risks of inflationary factors in industry by creating a Bank of bad debts.

Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used to carry out a large-scale modernization of the manufacturing industry of the Russian economy, ensuring the flow of modern technologies and products to the domestic market and taking into account the technical and economic features of the development of Russian regions.

Objective: to identify the factors that determined the success of investment projects in the field of forest development on the basis of available information about the enterprises – applicants for such projects.

Methods: regression analysis of binary choice models, logistic regression.

Results: the key constraints of the development of the Russian forest sector are identified. The review of the most relevant scientific research on the topic of investments into forest complex is carried out. Taking into account the identified problems and the analysis of the global experience in solving them, the most promising mechanism in this context was identified – that is, state support for investment projects from the priority list in the field of forest development. Based on a sample of 200 projects, a logit regression model was evaluated, which determines the impact of project parameters on the probability of their successful implementation. The hypothesis that there is a statistically significant impact on the success of investment projects was confirmed for a number of factors: the average revenue and average cost of fixed assets of the enterprise, the absence of employees in the organization, the connection of the enterprise with foreign capital and the fact that the enterprise has been unprofitable for the past three years.

Scientific novelty: for the first time, estimates were made of the contribution of the forest complex enterprises’ characteristics to the probability of successful implementation of priority investment projects in the field of forest development.

Practical signifi       : the high predictive ability of the model allows using information about the project success determinants to adjust the mechanism for providing support, which will enable to increase the share of successfully implemented projects and therefore increase the effectiveness of this measure of stimulating investment in the development of the Russian forestry industry.

Objective: to consider approaches to countering the use of unfair transaction practices, in particular, market manipulations and insider trading within the functions and powers of the Bank of Russia.

Methods: the work used a combination of methods of dialectical, empirical, comparative and logical research.

Results: approaches to the definition of market manipulation are established, the main methods of market manipulation are considered. The activity of the Bank of Russia to identify unfair practices in the Russian financial market was studied; the amount of market manipulation cases was identified and analyzed. The approaches were shown, which exist within the framework of the financial market development strategy to counteract the use of unfair transactions practices, including the practices of market manipulation and the use of insider trading; promising areas of development in the specified areas were identified.

Scientific novelty: the article consolidates the dynamics of the activities of the Bank of Russia, the probable problem areas and the potential in the field of countering the unfair transactions practices, including market manipulation and insider trading; the amount of identified cases of market manipulation is analyzed.

Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in the further analysis of countering the use of unfair behavior practices in the financial market and in forming a glossary.

Objectives: to study and characterize the modern world economy, to identify the actual goals of the sanctions war, and to propose measures to mitigate sanctions.

Methods: in the course of the research, such methods of abstract-logical approach were used as: analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, analogy, deduction, induction, and prediction.

Results: the actual causes, prerequisites and goals of the world sanctions war were revealed that caused the emergence of the world sanctions economy. It is proved that the current state of the economy can be viewed as a global sanctions economy. The concept of the world sanctions economy is given and the features of the world sanctions economy are revealed: the contradiction between political goals and socio-economic ones; the rocketing energy prices; the noticeable increase in prices for all raw materials and foods; the sharp increase in the cost of products; the transition to the production of lower-quality analogues of common goods; the ideological connotation of the consumption of goods (works, services); the decrease in the living standards of the population; the increase in the requirements of the state to the society members; the reduction in investment; the redistribution of investments to the areas in need of import substitution; the temporary paralysis of interstate trade; the intensification of trade between physical persons. The introduction of energy currency is substantiated. A number of other anti-sanctions measures are proposed.

Scientific novelty: firstly, the concept of “world sanctions economy” is proposed. Secondly, the stages of the world economy development are determined and the factors influencing it are identified. Thirdly, the features of most national economies under sanctions are revealed. By the example of Russia, the application of the revealed stages of the world economy development is demonstrated and their connection with sanctions is shown. A forecast of the world economy development is made (two scenarios are given). An additional argument is given for the introduction of a new world currency – an energy ruble. It is proposed to implement a number of other measures relevant under the current economic situation: to specify the country of origin and the form of its participation in the sanctions war for all goods; to increase the level of future problems forecasting; to accelerate the construction of the “Power of Siberia 2” gas pipeline and to increase its export capacity; to activate and popularize the work of charitable organizations to support low-income citizens; to develop an energy index. Foreign goods for Russian counter-sanctions are named: building materials, metal and plastic products, biofuels, tobacco raw materials and cigarettes.

Practical significance: the study results will help to better understand the essence and process of the world sanctions economy, to more accurately predict its interim results and consequences, and to take the necessary measures in a timely manner. All the proposed measures will ease the sanctions pressure on Russia. The theoretical results obtained will also be useful in the long term, when the world faces an actual shortage of natural resources.

Objective: to identify the main trends in using the digital payment infrastructure for the legalization of criminal revenues. Methods: the methodological basis of the research is a set of methods of scientific cognition, including analysis, synthesis, analogy and comparison.

Results: assessing the law enforcement practice in the field of using the digital payment infrastructure for the legalization of criminal revenues and the activities of law enforcement agencies in the field of money laundering at the global level, the author identified and analyzed the following main trends: a) the convergence with the position of the group developing financial measures to combat money laundering in terms of regulation, despite the absence of uniform rules; b) the active inclusion into the sphere of criminal legislation of norms aimed at prohibiting the use of digital assets for money laundering;

1. the problem of jurisdictions and the lack of supranational regulation mechanisms; d) the consolidation of law enforcement efforts and joint operations to curb criminal activity; e) the active use of the confiscation The author comes to the conclusion that the initiative of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs and other law enforcement agencies to develop a mechanism for the confiscation of digital assets in the absence of positive regulation seems to be a very inaccurate solution, although determined by the objective circumstances and criminogenic situation.

Scientific novelty: the study evaluates the law enforcement practice in the field under consideration and the activities of law enforcement agencies in the field of money laundering at the global level; it highlights the key trends in the use of digital payment infrastructure for money laundering.

Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the research can be used by legal scholars, legislators, lawyers and law enforcement officers in the development and improvement of mechanisms to counter the use of digital payment infrastructure for the legalization of criminal revenues.

Objective: to assess the state of legal regulation of award relations in the Russian Federation subjects and to develop measures

to improve it.

Methods: the main methods of the conducted research are general scientific methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, comparison, extrapolation, and the specific-legal methods of cognition of award relations based on them, used in the Russian theory of law and the state.

Results: the knowledge about the legal regulation of award relations in the Russian Federation subjects is systematized; the features of the legal regulation of the higher official (state) regional awards system formation and application by the legal norms of the Russian Federation subjects are identified. Typical shortcomings of the constitutional and legal regulation of award relations in individual Russian Federation subjects are revealed: on the one hand, the lack of consolidation of the regional awards institution within the constitutional (statutory) legislation, and on the other hand, excessive detailing of award relations in regional constitutions and statutes, which is to be reflected in the norms of special regional award legislation. Measures are proposed to eliminate the identified shortcomings and improve the constitutional and legal regulation of award relations in the Russian Federation subjects.

Scientific novelty: for the first time in the Russian legal science, a monitoring study of the principles of award law of the Russian Federation subjects was conducted, which allows assessing the quality of legal regulation of award relations in the Russian regions.

Practical significance: the results obtained can be used in the law-making activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation subjects to improve the legal regulation of award relations.

Objective: to fill a research gap by examining the shortand long-term impact of community mediation in criminal misdemeanor cases within the context of potentially ongoing relationships.

Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, using the general scientific and specific scientific methods of cognition, based on it, including telephone polling and studying cases data.

Results: Diversion of criminal misdemeanors to mediation by district attorneys has been practiced since the 1970s, but research on its impact on critical outcomes like recidivism is scant and outdated. This quasi-experimental study compares 78 mediated cases from a county that diverts cases to mediation with 128 cases in a similar neighboring county that does not, using phone surveys and case review to ask whether recidivism in mediated cases differs from cases prosecuted or treated as usual over the subsequent year. Controlling for case factors and attitudes toward conflict, a case that is not mediated was five times more likely to result in judicial action, five times more likely to result in jury trial demand, and ten times more likely to result in supervised probation or jail time, and mediated cases were almost five times less likely to return to criminal court in the subsequent year than those that were not mediated.

Scientific novelty: Preliminary analysis of case characteristics revealed that cases in the mediation and comparison group had the following characteristics: defendants had no prior felony convictions, did not have multiple misdemeanor charges, and had no outstanding warrants. Charges involving any type of weapon, drugs, or violence more serious than second degree assault had been excluded from the comparison group since they are usually excluded from diversion to mediation.

Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to mediation in criminal misdemeanor cases.

The article was first published in English language by Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society and The Western Society of Criminology Hosting by Scholastica. For more information please contact: CCJLS@WesternCriminology.org.

For original publication: Charkoudian, L., Walter, J., Harmon-Darrow, C., Bernstein, J. (2021). Mediation in Criminal Misdemeanor

Cases. Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 22 (3), 14–29.

Publication URL: https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/30144-mediation-in-criminal-misdemeanor-cases

Objective: to develop a new justified scale of fear of crime, based on the theory of constructed emotion, qualitative interviews and factor analysis.

Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, using the general scientific and specific scientific methods of cognition, based on it.

Results: Fear of crime researchers have long debated how to best define and measure fear of crime. There is disagreement about the definition of fear of crime, which has led to inconsistent measurement. Our goal was to develop a new fear of crime scale using a theory of emotion and rigorous methodology. Scale development involved five major stages: in-depth interviews to understand how people describe their fear of crime, qualitative analysis to develop questionnaire items, pretesting, factor analyses, and psychometric validation. Qualitative interviews (N = 29) revealed that people use words like “fear”, “worry”, and “concern” interchangeably. After qualitative analysis led to an initial item pool, factor analyses yielded a 10-item, onefactor scale. Quantitative analyses (N = 665) revealed standardized factor loadings between 0.715 and 0.888, an internal consistency of a = 0.945, and convergent and divergent validity. Our new measure will allow greater precision when researching fear of crime.

Scientific novelty: this study introduced the theory of constructed emotion to the study of fear of crime. The wide range of interviewees’ descriptions of their fear of crime is consistent with the theory of constructed emotion. Many interviewees conflated fear, worry, concern, and other emotion words, which illustrates the concept of emotional granularity. When someone uses words like “fear” and “concern” interchangeably, it suggests that that person’s experience of those emotions is the same in that context. The theory of constructed emotion posits that emotions are subjective and depend on the present context, someone’s previous experiences, and their understanding and use of emotion words. According to qualitative interviews, fear of crime encompasses many feelings including concern, unpleasant affect, worry, anxiety, paranoia, and panic. These findings will allow future research to further build theory on fear of crime.

Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering the issues related to the levels of fear of crime.

The article was first published in English language by Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society and The Western Society of Criminology Hosting by Scholastica. For more information please contact: CCJLS@WesternCriminology.org.

For original publication: Etopio, Au. L., Berthelot, E. R. (2022). Defining and Measuring Fear of Crime: A New Validated Scale Created from Emotion Theory, Qualitative Interviews, and Factor Analyses. Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 23 (1), 46–67.

Publication     URL:     https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/34104-defining-and-measuring-fear-of-crime-a-new-validated-scale-createdfrom-emotion-theory-qualitative-interviews-and-factor-analyses