Objective: to consider the issues of anti-corruption policy efficiency, to disclose the contents of the categories "policy", "efficiency", "criteria", "monitoring"; to formulate the provisions that reflect the author's concept of efficiency of managerial influence on corruption.Methods: systemic approach as a method of universal methodology, general scientific methods (structural-functional analysis, comparison, logical method).Results: the definition and the content of anti-corruption policies are corrected; the comparative analysis is carried out of the four interconnected multi-level categories: "anticorruption policy", "efficiency", "efficiency criteria", "monitoring"; their intrinsic and formal features are shown in the transition (implementation) of concepts into lawmaking as the regulatory basis for substantive work on implementing legislation and other planning activities. knowledge about the issue of the anti-corruption policy efficiency is systematized, representing the productivity of human, material, financial and information resources.Scientific novelty: the article presents the author's position on the definition of anti-corruption policy, in which the main, conceptual framework (of guiding ideas) is allocated and which determines the content and character of the two other subsystems, i.e. law making and enforcement. The concept of efficiency, or successfulness, of anti-corruption policy is proposed, as well as approaches to defining the evaluation criteria. Practical significance: the possibility of differentiated approach to the development of regional concept of anti-corruption policy, its regulatory framework and appropriate executive action, as well as the unique "measurement and evaluation" system of anti-corruption monitoring. The possibility is shown to elaborate a new system of evaluating the effectiveness of the ideological mechanism of influencing the management system in corruption counteraction.

Objective: to broaden the knowledge of the criminological nature of corruption on the basis methods of mathematical analysis and modeling of social processes and phenomena.Methods: in addition to the dialectical and systematic methods, the author uses a combination of specific scientific techniques: the sociological method, the method of content analysis, factor analysis, mathematical modeling, etc.Results: in this work, the author substantiates the necessity to develop corruptiometrics as a new direction of criminological research, oriented towards the search of systemic connections between bribery and socio-economic conditions. Corruption in Russia is considered in a sociological aspect, shown to be dependent on the level of material welfare of population, consumer expectations, entrepreneurial activity, unemployment rate, etc. In addition, systemic relationship between the level of bribery, the size and structure of the state apparatus was revealed, the close links between the various corruption crimes were shown.Scientific novelty: for the first time in domestic criminology, the study presents the correlation analysis of bribery as a social phenomenon, defines the instrumental value of mathematical methods for statistical array investigation. In addition, the presented article is the original presentation of the author's model of corruption monitoring, focused on the search for the causes of the statistical reduction of bribery.Practical significance: the possibility to using the findings and conclusions as part of the development of new methods of corruption assessment and prediction, in the practical activity of prevention subjects, in anti-corruption expertise of normative legal acts, in research activities and work to improve the skills of law enforcement officers.

Objective: to identify the dependencies between the resource wealth of a country and the corruption in its economy.Methods: the methodological base of the research is general scientific methods of cognition, such as analysis and synthesis, summarizing, expert evaluation. The main method is the comparative method, which allows through comparison to identify the common and specific features of corruption in the sphere of nature management in different countries.Results: the problem of nature management is so versatile, that there appeared and are widely used a lot of terms associated with the description of this phenomenon: "the resource curse", "resource burden", "paradox of abundance", “the Dutch syndrome", "the rage of the feeder" etc. Experience of many countries shows that the availability of mineral raw materials has an ambiguous impact on the level and dynamics of economic development of the national economy and ultimately on its international competitiveness.Scientific novelty: a negative correlation between resource wealth of a country and corruption in its economy has been revealed, as well as the efficiency levels of public administration, inflation, human development index as an integral indicator of standard of living, literacy, education and longevity, which is typical, mainly, for states with undeveloped civil society and the lack of openness of state power.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and practical activities for the analyzing and formulating the economic policy measures, taking into account the problem of the "resource curse".

Objective: to confirm the feasibility of using the disciplinary matrix by Th. Kuhn in relation to the marketing theory.Methods: paradigmatic and systemic methods of analysis of marketing phenomena.Results: to date, the paradigm as a specific tool of scientific research is poorly studied in the marketing methodology in contrast to other branches of knowledge. An analysis of available literature revealed no sources that use the famous disciplinary matrix by Th. Kuhn and its components: symbolic generalizations, metaphysical parts, values and conventional samples - in relation to marketing.The content of the marketing paradigm is described as the disciplinary matrix by Th. Kuhn, which was composed of the four above-mentioned elements: 1) symbolic generalizations are the expressions that are used by members of the scientific community without disagreements and doubts and can be easily formalized or verbalized (e.g., definition of marketing); 2) metaphysical parts of modern marketing are a set of the existing concepts and theories (e.g., theory of stages of marketing evolution); 3) values in the context of the marketing paradigms are considered by the authors through emphasis on three research objects: a) goods (service) - creation of new goods and/or formation of a set of qualities inherent in the goods (service), perceived by the consumer as a combination of rational and emotional values of the product; b) customer - development of "value proposition for the consumer"; c) seller/manufacturer - basing on the concept of "value chain" that builds strategic management of the company; 4) conventional samples of the marketing paradigm include standards, or algorithms, models and methods of solving specific problems of marketing research (for example, a diagram of the stages of the marketing research process and industrial standards of their conduct). Scientific novelty: the appropriateness of the disciplinary matrix by Th. Kuhn in relation to the marketing theory was confirmed.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in research and teaching, in considering the conceptual issues of the evolution of the notion and essence of marketing as a system of scientific knowledge. The identified quality content of each element of the matrix with regard to marketing paradigm can be a motivating starting point for further quantitative studies of the content of the disciplinary matrix.

RETRACTION:

Date of retraction: 13.03.2017
Reason for retraction: Duplicate publication in several editions
Additional information about the causes of retraction:

The article “Russian machine-building: course to import substitution”, written by Olga Karsuntseva, Doctor of Law, Samara State Technical University, is a duplicate publication. Information from public databases allowed the editors of the journal "Actual Problems of Economics and Law" to identify a violation of publication ethics. The article of the specified author, containing essentially the same data and conclusions, was published in another publication with a different title: TARGET PRIORITIES AND REFERENCE POINTS OF THE STATE PROGRAM OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING // Scientific and technical statements of the St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University. Economic sciences. 2016. No. 1 (235). pp. 182-191.

Article by Karsuntseva O. V. Russian mechanical engineering: a course towards import substitution // Actual problems of economics and law. 2016, No. 1, pp. 48-61 is retracted with the consent of the author, editor-in-chief and publisher.

The Editorial Board of the Journal, when publishing scientific research materials, bases its performance on the rules of publication ethics observed by the Editorial Board members, reviewers and authors. According to these rules, the author shall guarantee that the article is published for the first time and was not previously published or submitted to another journal. The Editorial Board performed an internal investigation. The Editor-in-Chief and the Publisher made a decision to retract the article from elibrary.ru and the Journal website.

Objective: to assess the socio-economic significance of small business in the services sector of national economy and to develop effective tools of its infrastructural support, basing on the characteristics of the services sector.Methods: systematic approach was applied to identify the characteristics of small businesses in the services sector; methods of comparative and statistical analysis were used to assess the contribution of small business in service sector to the economic development of the country; methods of analysis and synthesis revealed problems of development of small business in service sector; program and target method was used to develop infrastructural tools to support small businesses.Results: social and economic characteristics of small business in services were determined; the contribution of small business in service sector into the economic progress of the country was assessed; the problems and peculiarities of development of small entrepreneurship in services were identified and examined. Basing on the analysis of problems of small business growth and its role in the progressive development of the economy, the necessity of state support is proved, and the effective tools of infrastructure support for small businesses are determined, basing on the characteristics of the service sector.Scientific novelty: the characteristics of small business in services are identified and grouped by economic and social principle; the growing contribution of the small business in service sector to the Russian economy is proved, and its backlog from the developed economies is confirmed; problems hindering the development of small business are identified. Basing on the problems, effective tools for small business support are developed and offered.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the research can be used in scientific activity to study the development and infrastructural support of small business in services sectors; they can be used by public authorities to develop a strategy of small business development and programs of services development, as well as forms, methods and tools of infrastructural support of small business.

Objective: to prove the possibility of attracting funds of population and corporate organizations to invest into hospitality industry.Methods: the basis of the study was the methods of logical and structural analysis, the dialectical method, which determined the main regularities of financial relations development in hospitality industry.Results: basing on the study of formation and use of financial resources of organizations we have revealed the following: at the present stage, attention is paid to the functioning and investment of the hospitality industry in accordance with federal and regional target programs; measures are proposed for the effective financing from the budget and resources of various funds; the creation of tourist and recreational clusters is proposed, but the savings of the population and corporate entities are not attracted as sources of investment in hospitality industry.Scientific novelty: the measures are proposed aimed at involving the financial resources of the population and organizations through corporate bonds by the creation of a resort consortium to promote investment in hospitality industry.Practical significance: the proposed recommendations will contribute to enhance the financing of hospitality industry due to the source which is currently not being used.

Objective: to identify the impact of tax incentives on enhancing the investment-savings potential of the finance of the Russians in the pension sphere. Methods: in this work, a systematic approach was applied to the consideration of the financial and tax factors, processing and synthesis of information using statistical, graphical and analytical analysis methods.Results: basing on the analysis of the current pension system, the major participants of pension relations are identified, as well as their financial relations in the non-state pension provision system when forming the investment-savings potential of the finance of the population. The provisions of the tax legislation are analyzed, as well as the statistical information, on the basis of which the effect of "tax shield" is calculated using the investment-savings potential of the finance of the population in the structure of the non-state pension provision system. The options for broadening the investment-savings potential of finance of the population by creating tax incentives are considered.Scientific novelty: in the work, for the first time the possibility is considered of using tax incentives to increase investment and savings capacity of the population to finance the pension system. Also the need is identified and justified to increase the "tax shield" used in the formation of the pension capital of citizens in the non-state pension provision system, which, extending the limits of tax incentives, will increase the pension capital of the population. Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in the justification and implementation of directions of the Russian pension system improvement, as well as its tax legislation.

Objective: to analyze the changes in system of crimes against military service in pre-revolutionary criminal legislation and to define the potential to reform the modern system of these crimes.Methods: dialectical, systemic, historical-legal, formal-juridical.Results: the analysis of pre-revolutionary criminal legislation is made, the stages of development of the system of crimes against military service are defined, which reflect changes in the system. The crimes in the system at each stage are identified, as well as those, which reflected the essence of the system and, therefore, can potentially be included in the modern system of crimes against military service. The evolution of the system is shown: the development of its existing elements; the introduction of new offences; the extension of the system due to this reason; the appearance of two systems of crimes: for the army and the Navy. The features of the object and subject of crime and their synthesis are considered. Scientific novelty: the article suggests the criteria for systematization of crimes against military service, and, basing on them, identifies the stages in the development of this system.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in research and teaching when considering the issues of the system of crimes against military service and the stages of its development.

Objective: to consider the conception of reverse delegation, when the government acts a principal and an individual - an agent, from the point of view of behavioral Principal-Agent Theory.Methods: statistical, method, sociological polling.Results: In diverse areas - from retirement savings, to consumer credit, to prescription drug use, to fuel economy and energy efficiency rules, to tobacco consumption, to food and beverage consumption - government makes decisions for us or endeavors to help us make better decisions, thus serving as our agent. From the point of view of Principal-Agent Theory and behavioral Principal-Agent Theory, a great deal of modern regulation can be helpfully evaluated as a hypothetical delegation. Shifting from personal decisions to public goods problems, the authors view the idea of reverse delegation, with the government as principal and the individuals as agents. They show that the essence of delegation changes depending on the context. The article describes conditions under which various approaches will make sense.Scientific novelty: the paper is devoted to the foreign experience of regulation through delegation by the example of a country with developed market economy (the USA). It shows the prospects of such approach in solving both the public and the private tasks. Application of Principal-Agent Theory and behavioral Principal-Agent Theory is viewed to distinguish between such types of hypothetical delegation as information, default rules, incentives, precommitments, mandates, and prohibitions. The article considers the benefits and costs of delegation, and circumstances in which one or another approach makes sense.Practical significance: Principal-Agent Theory is widely used in economics and political science, and can serve as a convenient tool to consider the optimal scale and essence of the assistance rendered to us by the government as our agent. The paper is of interest for the Russian legal science, as the institution of delegation as a legal phenomenon has been weakly studied in Russia.

Objective: to determine the organizational-legal form of associations of gardeners and summer cottages’ owners.Methods: comparative legal, historical-legal, formal-logical methods, allowing to trace the evolution of legislative regulation of conducting of gardening, truck farming and implementation of the country construction, to determine the peculiarities of the legal status of their existing legal forms, to formulate proposals on improvement of legal regulation of collective gardening and summer cottages’ construction.Results: the analysis of the historical and legal formation and development of horticulture, vegetable gardening and cottage construction and the legal regime of lands of these types of permitted use, the conclusions are made about various socio-economic nature of associations of gardeners, vegetable gardeners and summer residents, about the need for the use of the term "summer cottages’ construction" in determining the type of permitted use of suburban land, on a differentiated legal regulation of creation and activity of gardeners’ and farmers’ cooperative associations and summer cottages’ owners associations as associations of property owners.Scientific novelty: through the prism of historical-legal analysis of legal regulation of horticulture, vegetable gardening and cottage construction, it is concluded that it is necessary to differentiate between legal regulation of gardening and the benefits of the cooperative organizational form for collective gardening and truck farming, and on the legal possibility of using legal forms of associations of real estate proprietors for the collective summer cottages construction.Practical relevance: the obtained results can be used in the legislative process.

Objective: to study the needs of economy in the long-term banking credit for capital renewal, and in this regard, to find in the current legislation the time frame of long-datedness in general, and in particular time period of long-term banking credit relationships. Methods: the work is based on the dialectical approach to cognition, allowing to establish the diversity of long-dated terms in the system of the current legislation, by assessing the quantitative aspects, to identify the components of a period of time, comprehensively and objectively considered as long-dated in bank crediting. The dialectical approach to cognition has determined the choice of specific research methods: general scientific (comparison, description, induction, systemic approach), and specific scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) methods.Results: in the current legislation there is no clear definition of a long-term period of time. The concept used in the legislation characterizes different time periods. Also, there is no generally accepted time period of long-term banking credit relationships, as every legal act in crediting establishes its own time frame. Such situation of legal uncertainty of the timing of long-term bank crediting is an obstacle in enhancing the long- term component in bank crediting. In this regard, to improve the legal regulation of long-term credit relationships it is essential to establish a unified period of long-term bank crediting.Scientific novelty: for the first time, the article describes and analyzes the current Russian legislation relating to long-term relationships and their timing, as well as legal acts related to the activities of the banking sector, which are determined by crediting terms depending on the situation and order of granting.Practical significance: the main findings of the research can be used in scientific and theoretical activity in civil law when considering the timing of the relationships and their duration. They can be also used in the lawmaking for the theoretical justification of certain provisions of normative acts related to timing, in general and with the timing of long-term bank credits, in particular.

Objective: to identify various ways of innovative products marketing, as well as the contract forms most demanded by innovative business that are used in innovative products marketing.Methods: the methodological basis of the study was both general scientific methods (systemic, structural, dialectical, formal logical (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, etc.) methods, the method of a philosophical nature) and specific methods: the method of dogmatic analysis (in- terpretation of legal norms and legal structures), formal-legal, structural-functional.Results: it was stated that marketing is the final stage of innovation process, which is commercializing the innovation, i.e. obtains profit through its sales, therefore, it is important to allocate the contractual structures that mediate sales and distribution of innovative products. It is shown that using contractual forms of organization of innovative products sales, the parties determine the marketing scheme for the produced goods, and thereby create, modify, and stop the property relations of the parties, thus the contracts, whose ultimate goal of signing and execution is marketing of innovations, can be identified as organizational by their legal nature. The contractual forms that mediate marketing of innovative products, include the contracts of sale, agency agreements, presented in the Russian civil legislation by the contract of agency, contract of commission and agency agreements, as well as franchising agreements. Besides, in the practice of civil turnover, there are mixed contracts, contracts based on the freedom principle, and the connecting elements of several contractual structures. Mixed contracts include distributor contracts.Scientific novelty: for the first time, the article comprehensively defines contractual forms of organization of innovative products marketing, depending on the means of its distribution, and describes the legal nature of emerging relationships for innovations marketing.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used by representatives of the innovative companies in their law enforcement practice, as well as in developing practical recommendations for further legal research on this subject and the preparation of educational and methodological literature.

Objective: to compare legislative acts reflecting the termination of tax obligations upon liquidation of the legal entity (by founders’ decision) in the Russian Federation and Ukraine, as well as to develop proposals for optimization of legislation in force.Methods: to achieve the goal, the following basic methods of research were used in the article: 1) comparative-legal; 2) comparative; 3) logical methods; and 4) analysis.Results: the legal nature of the obligation to pay taxes and fees was investigated, basing on the analysis of the Basic Law of Ukraine and the Russian Federation. Taking into account the provisions of the Taxation Code of Ukraine and the Russian Federation, we analyzed the nature of the obligation to pay taxes. The amendments in the applicable tax legislation of Ukraine were proposed regarding the liquidation of the legal entity - the taxpayer - after completion of all settlements with the budget system.Scientific novelty: for the first time, through the use of complex general and special methods of research, a legal conflict was identified and remediation was proposed by optimizing the norms of the Ukraine Taxation Code, regarding the opportunities of liquidation of the legal entity - the taxpayer - after completion of all settlements with the budget system of Ukraine.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions can be used in research and teaching and also in practical activities of the tax authorities.

Objective: to clarify the status of public associations as subjects of public control, and to analyze the problems of participation of citizens ' associations in conducting public expertise and public audits.Methods: the methodology of research includes general scientific methods, such as dialectic method. Specific jurisprudence methods of scientific cognition have also been used. Systematic method was used for the analysis of forms of public control by citizens' associations at the municipal level. The principle of scientific objectivity has allowed for a comprehensive and objective analysis of the factual material, the totality of factors affecting the interaction of public associations with local authorities in the implementation of public control. The formal-legal method allowed to analyze the normative-legal acts, to reveal the signs of fixing of such public control forms as public expertise and public audit. In the present study other research methods were also applied, allowing to study the theme in detail.Results: the study identified the lack of legal regulation of the legal status of public associations as subjects of public control, as well as some forms of public control. The additions to the list of subjects of public control by public associations were proposed, as well as improvements in the implementation of public expertise and public audit by the citizens' associations as forms of social control.Scientific novelty: the author found a lack of regulation of public associations’ participation in some forms of social control, and justified proposals for their improvement from a scientific point of view.Practical significance: the possibility to apply the research results in legislative activity aimed at improving the provisions of the Federal Laws "On fundamentals of public control in the Russian Federation" and "On the general principles of local self-government organization in the Russian Federation". In addition, the findings can be used in research and law enforcement practice.

Objective: to define the possibility of using, under the modern Russian conditions, the techniques of efficient crime prevention used in America and Germany, within the frameworks of “broken windows” conception and zero tolerance policy.Methods: systemic-structural approach to the analysis of research object, comparative-legal method, comparative historic method, as well as logical methods.Results: the potentials and limits are analyzed of application of the “Broken Windows” theory in Germany; the differences are listed between the concept of public control over conduct rules observance in Germany and the zero tolerance policy in America; the relationship is illustrated between security level and architectural design of the environment; the possibility of crime prevention at the municipal level through a policy of zero tolerance to disorder and offences; ways of strengthening informal social control in urban areas are listed; measures for the prevention of street crime used in the modern Russian conditions are listed and analyzed.Scientific novelty: for the first time, the article comprehensively examines the different methods of preventing street crime, implemented by different countries; provides practical recommendations on measures for effective prevention of street crime in Russia on the basis of national and international experience. Practical significance: basing on the study of theoretical principles and practical examples, the authors make suggestions for improving the existing methods of effective prevention of street crime in Russia taking into account national and international experience.

Objective: to analyze the problems existing in the modern law enforcement practice, related to the implementation of criminal-legal norms, stipulated in Article 291 and 2911 of the Russian Criminal Code (hereinafter CC of RF), to offer the authors’ proposals for their solution, including the improvement of these norms and their implementation practices in order to strengthen the bribery counteraction.Methods: along with the general dialectic method of scientific cognition, other general scientific methods were used (induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis) as well as specific scientific (formal-legal, comparative legal, sociological, content analysis) methods.Results: on the basis of a critical analysis of the current edition of the regulations, as stipulated in Articles 291 and 2911 of the Russian Criminal Code, and the modern practice of their application, solutions are proposed to several complex problems arising in the classification of these crimes. In particular, it is proposed to change the disposition of part 1 of Article 2911 of the Criminal Code, deleting the indication of the bribe size. The necessity is shown to change part 5 of Article 2921 of the Russian Criminal Code, reducing the maximal penalty.Scientific novelty: in the work, on the basis of the analysis of modern law enforcement practice, typical mistakes are considered made by investigators and the courts in applying Article 291 and 2911 of the CC of RF, and with this in mind, suggestions and recommendations are proposed, aimed at improving the efficiency of criminal-legal impact on the mentioned crimes.Practical significance: the opinions and findings of the authors formulated in the article, can be useful in lawmaking activity (in preparing relevant draft laws on amendments and additions in the CC of RF); when adjusting individual interpretations contained in the decisions (decrees) of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, as well as in the activities of legal practitioners (especially in the process of qualification of crimes under consideration); while conducting new research on the topic, finally, in the educational process (teaching the discipline "Criminal Law" and the relevant special courses).

Objective: to prove the importance of simplified appeal procedure in achieving the goals of justice.Methods: a number of general scientific and specific methods were used. Special methods included legal interpretation, historical, comparative- legal, systemic and other methods of scientific cognition.Results: the paper analyzes foreign legislation and practice of the European court of Human Rights on simplification of judicial act checking procedures. The simplified appeal process is aimed at reducing the case load on judges of second instance, guaranteeing the realization of the right to appeal, reducing of terms of consideration of the appeal complaints and speeding up the entry of court decision into legal force. In orderРаскатова Н. Н., Грибов Н. Д. Упрощение апелляционной процедуры в российском цивилистическом процессе /Raskatova N. N., Gribov N. D. Simplification of the appeal procedure in the Russian civilistic procedure194Гражданский процессCivil processАктуальные проблемы экономики и права. 2016. № 1Actual Problems of Economics and Law, 2016, No. 1 ISSN 1993-047Х (Print) / ISSN 2410-0390 (Online) to achieve the guarantees of the persons participating in the case, an oral or written trial in a simplified appeal procedure shall be determined in accordance with the will of the person submitting the complaint.Scientific novelty: the article is a scientific contribution to the study of simplified proceedings in civil cases. It formulates the authors’ vision of the essence of a simplified appeal procedure, and provides suggestions for creating effective simplified appeal procedures to respect the rights of persons participating in the case.Practical significance: the main provisions of the article can be used in teaching, in research activities in the study of problems associated with the simplified appeal proceedings, for improving the domestic civil procedure law.

The review presents the authors’ opinion of the monograph “Corruption: nature, revelation, interaction” / editor-in-chief Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences T. Ya. Khabrieva. Selected chapters and paragraphs are reviewed and analyzed. The authors note both positive and negative sides of the monograph. The concept of corruption as a social phenomenon is discussed, as well as the need to implement international norms in national legislation, the legal framework for combating corruption in Russia, the activities of the various institutions to fight against corruption,combating corruption in state and municipal service, ways of overcoming the corruption potential of legal acts, impact of corruption on business, and methods of combating corruption abroad.The team of authors, including a large number of well-known scientists and politicians (S. B. Ivanov, S. B. Naryshkin, S. V. Stepashin, Yu. A. Tikhomirov, A. V. Fedorov, T. Ya. Khabrieva, etc.) view corruption as a social phenomenon, highlight the issues of international cooperation on corruption issues, give a detailed review of legislation (including international) on combating corruption, and name individual institutions to counteract this dangerous phenomenon. Special chapters are devoted to corruption in the system of state and municipal service, and corruption in the business sector. Detailed attention in a separate chapter is given to the institution of anti-corruption expertise.